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CRRAB 1 > Nordgren Cardiac Phys week 2 > Flashcards

Nordgren Cardiac Phys week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Passive transcapillary solute diffusion depends on (4 things):

A
  1. concentration gradient
  2. surface area
  3. diffusion difference
  4. permeability of capillary wall to the substrate
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2
Q

Net fluid OUT of capillary = ?

A

filtration

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3
Q

Net fluid INTO capillary = ?

A

rebsorption

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4
Q

Pressure of blood forcing fluid OUT of capillary?

A

Hydrostatic

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5
Q

Attraction of water IN to regions of higher protein concentration?

A

Oncotic pressure

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6
Q

Starling’s Hypothesis:

Net filtration rate = ?

Positive net pressure gradient = ?

Negative net pressure gradient = ?

A

(P intracapillary - P interstitial) - (oncotic pressure of intracapillary fluid - oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid)

Positive net pressure gradient = filtration

Negative net pressure gradient = Reabsorption

***hydrostatic and oncotic pressure of IF are usually zero

***oncotic pressure usually does not change

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7
Q

Location of Filtration?

A

arteriole end of capillary

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8
Q

Location of Reabsorption?

A

venule end of capillary

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9
Q

What can cause the oncotic pressure to drop?

A

Histamine release–increases capillary permeability to protein.

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10
Q

Total resistance for vessels in a series = ?

A

the sum of each individual resistance

Q = total change in P / total R

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11
Q

Primary blood volume reservoir?

A

peripheral venous system

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12
Q

secondary blood volume reservoir?

A

central venous system

-great veins of the thorax and right atrium

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13
Q

Overall resistance to flow through the ENTIRE systemic circulation?

A

TPR

total peripheral resistance

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14
Q

Adding and organ in parallel to the system will _______ the TPR.

A

decrease

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15
Q

compliancy (C) = ?

A

C = change in V / change in P

** veins have much greater C than arteries

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16
Q

Pressure reservoir?

A

Arteries

**small change in V builds up a lot of P –> recoils to drive blood through the periphery

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17
Q

Relate MAP, CO, and TPR:

A

MAP = CO x TPR

**MAP also = Pdias + 1/3(Psys -Pdias…PP)

or

MAP = 2/3Pdias + 1/3Psys

18
Q

relate pulse pressure, stroke volume and compliance.

A

PP = SV/C arterial

19
Q

Vascular smooth muscle contraction depends on?

A

Ca2+

20
Q

Basic pathway for Ca2+ mediated VSM contraction:

A
  1. Ca2+ + calmodulin
  2. activation of myosin light chain kinase
  3. MLC kinase + ATP –> phosphorylation of MLC protein –> MLC-PO4
  4. cross bridge formation and cycling, energy from ATP –> tension development/shortening

**5. removal of phosphate from MLC returns cell to relaxation

21
Q

Resting membrane potential of VSM?

A

-40 to -65 mV

**determined by K+ permiability

22
Q

two causes of VSM action potentials:

A
  1. slow inward Ca2+ current (like pacemaker cells)

2. stretch sensitive cation channels

23
Q

In addition to membrane depol, how else can Ca2+ get into VSM cell?

A

Pharmacomechanical coupling (vasoconstrictor agonist)

G coupled protein receptor, IP3 (opens Ca2+ channels in SR)

24
Q

2 methods for VSM relaxation:

A
  1. hyperpolarization
  2. chemical vasodilators –> Beta2 receptors –> increased cAMP/cGMP –> active protein kinase A –> lots of phoshorylation –> Ca2+ efflux, hyperpol, decreased contractile machinery sensitivity to Ca2+
25
Q

Most important means of local arterial flow?

A

Metabolic

Dilation: low O2, high CO2/H+/K+, release of adenosine

26
Q

Endothelial cells effect on arterial tone?

A

NO –> increased cGMP

27
Q

NO production stimulated by?

A

Ach, bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide

28
Q

Other chemicals involved in control of arterial tone?

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxane

29
Q

Active phase of VSM reacting to change in transmural pressure:

A

myogenic respone

30
Q

Most important means of reflex control in vasculature?

A

SNS vasoconstrictive nerves

31
Q

NT and receptor for SNS vasoconstriction

A

NE, a1

32
Q

Hormonal influence for vasoconstriction and its receptor?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) – a1

33
Q

Hormonal influence for vasodilation and its receptor?

A

Angiotensin II – Beta2 (more sensitive to epi than a1)

34
Q

Is venous tone subject to local metabolic needs?

A

nope

35
Q

What is the pressure of the circulatory system if there were no flow?

A

7 mmHg

“Mean circulatory filling pressure”

36
Q

Two major variables that affect mean circulatory filling pressure:

A
  1. circulating blood volume

2. state of peripheral venous tone

37
Q

Central integration of the baroreceptor reflex occurs where?

A

medullary cardiovascular centers

38
Q

where are baroreceptors located?

A
  1. aortic arch

2. carotid sinuses

39
Q

When do PNS and SNS work in concert instead of reciprocally?

A

Dive reflex

40
Q

RAAS?

A

Renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system

**increased aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys –> water follows

CRRAB 1 (17 decks)

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