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Industrial Hygiene > NonIonizing Radiation > Flashcards

NonIonizing Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Nonionizing radiation often is not radiation but ____ or _____

A

electrical or magnetic fields

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2
Q

What is the frequency of nonionizing radiation?

A

number of times a field goes through a complete cycle of polarity

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3
Q

What is a wavelength in nonionizing radiation?

A

the distance traveled during one cycle

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4
Q

How are various frequencies of electric and magnetic fields divided?

A

the electromagnetic sectrum

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5
Q

What occupational standards are available for nonionizing radiation?

A

Limited OSHA standards, but consensus standards (from ACGIH) can be enforced

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6
Q

What is the relationship between frequency and energy level?

A

higher energy levels at higher frequencies

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7
Q

At higher energy levels we are concerned about ___, and at lower non-ionizing energy levels we are also concern about ___

A

radiation, fields

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8
Q

How are electric fields produced?

A

by electric charge differences (voltage)

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9
Q

How are magnetic fields produced?

A

By electrons moving (current)

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10
Q

Electric fields can be produced by a ___ ___ ___ that can ___ current

A

moving magnetic field, induce

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11
Q

Example of electric fields

A

Generators

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12
Q

___ and ___ of alternating current produce electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields

A

transmission, use

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13
Q

What is the SAR?

A

Specific absorption rate- dose rate at which energy is transferred to tissue, expressed in watts/ kg of tissue

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14
Q

quantity of energy transferred to tissue

A

specific absorption

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15
Q

What is the equation for specific absorption rate?

A

SAR = (energy/ mass) / time

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16
Q

What are types of non-ionizing radiation?

A
  • sub radio frequency
  • radio frequency and microwave
  • Optical
  • Special applications
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17
Q

What are the types of optical non-ionizing radiation?

A
  • infrared
  • visible
  • ultraviolet
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18
Q

What are the types of special applications nonionizing radiation?

A
  • lasers

- static magnets

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19
Q

What type of field can the body conduct well?

A

electric, does not conduct magnetic fields well

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20
Q

Which field is easier to measure? why?

A

magnetic fields- they are not perturbed by the body, whereas the body distorts electric fields

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21
Q

What are the health impacts of sub-radiofrequency nonionizing radiation?

A
  • Static magnetic fields: nausea, headaches, metallic taste
  • disruption of circadian rhythm
  • pacemaker and other implant concerns
  • disruption of calcium ions movement through cell membrane
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22
Q

What are static magnetic sources?

A

Projectiles - magnetic resonance

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23
Q

What are the health effects of radiofrequency & microwaves

A
  • damage to lens of eyes, testes, and skin
  • cataracts, facial burns, electric shock
  • electric burns at high level exposure (ankles)
  • Animal teratogenic effects
24
Q

Why can radiofrquency and microwaves be dangerous?

A

human body acts as antenna

25
Q

What is an important factor that impacts health outcomes from radiofrequency and microwaves?

A

orientation of the body

26
Q

Give an example of radiofrquency and microwaves

A

RADAR- radio detection and ranging

27
Q

What are the heath effects of infrared?

A
  • heating effects
  • skin erythema and burns
  • skin pigmentation
  • cornea/ iris/ lens (cataracts)
28
Q

Health effects of Visible radiation

A
  • computer screens- fatigue
  • moving from one light level to another- safety risk
  • pulsed light
  • flash blindness
  • trips and falls due to lighting issues *
29
Q

What do we have that relate to visible lights relationship with safety and productivity

A

Industrial light standards- need adequate light levels for the task

30
Q

What are sources of UV light?

A

Biosafety cabinet with a UVC light- interlocked, labeled

31
Q

What are the different UV lengths from longest to shortest?

A

UVA, UVB, UC

32
Q

What are the health impacts of UV A

A

photosensitivity

lens damage

33
Q

What are the health impacts of UV B

A 
conjuncitivitis
photosensitivity
skin cancer
erythema
skin aging
34
Q

What are the health impacts of UV C?

A

photosensitivity
erythema
bacteriocidal

35
Q

What does laser stand for?

A

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

36
Q

How do lasers work?

A

photon excites atom of lasing medium- direct energy out in form of a beam of radiation. Light keeps strength over long distance

37
Q

What does the wavelength of a laser depend on?

A

lasing medium and energy released, can e IR, Visible, or UV

38
Q

What are examples of lasers

A 
CO2 lasers (gas-IR beam)
Ruby lasers- solid
39
Q

What do the health effects of lasers depend on?

A

wavelength

40
Q

What are the health effects of IR lasers?

A

damage to cornea

41
Q

What are the health effects of visible wave lasers?

A

damage to retina, cornea, lens

42
Q

What are the health effects of UV lasers?

A

damage to cornea, cause erythema

43
Q

What are the hazard classes for lasers?

A

1- harmless to 4- very hazardous

44
Q

At high energy levels, what health impact can lasers cause?

A

burns

45
Q

Are pulsed lasers or continuous lasers more dangerous?

A

pulsed lasers

46
Q

what are other issues/ risks with lasers?

A
  • fire
  • electrocution
  • explosion
  • toxic gases
  • scattering of light
47
Q

What is the measurement device for sub-radiofrequency ad microwaves?

A

magnetic and electric survey meters

48
Q

What is the measurement device for RF and microwaves?

A

induced current meter or contact current meter

49
Q

What is the measuring instrument for optical radiation?

A

photometers
radiometer
dosimeters

50
Q

What are the controls for all non-ionizing radiation?

A
  • decrease time
  • increase distance
  • shield
51
Q

What are additional controls for sub-radiofrequency?

A

-grounding and cancelling

52
Q

What are additional controls for RF and microwave?

A

-metal mesh barrier or PPE

53
Q

What are additional controls for optical radiation?

A

filters for glasses

54
Q

What is an additional control for UV?

A

sunscreen

55
Q

What are additional controls for lasers?

A
  • limit access
  • interlocks
  • beam enclosure
  • beam stops
  • labeling, alarms

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

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