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Industrial Hygiene > Airborne Hazards- Anticipation and Recognition > Flashcards

Airborne Hazards- Anticipation and Recognition Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the upper and lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx

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2
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory system?

A

mouth/ throat/ oral cavity

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3
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory system?

A
  • tracheae and bronchi (Tracheobronchial or thoracic)

- Pulmonary - lower section with alveoli

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4
Q

Describe the alveoli

A
  • thin lining for oxygen exchange
  • acinus
  • important to protect from contaminants
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5
Q

What happens to air velocity as it goes through the lungs?

A

changes

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6
Q

Describe the physiology and defense mechanisms of the nose.

A
  • Turbinates add moisture and warm up the nose
  • traps large particles
  • hair
  • nostrils face down so things cannot fall into nostrils
  • 90 degree bend at back of nose with mucus
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7
Q

Was size particle can enter the nose?

A

inhalables

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8
Q

does mouth offer the same protection as the nose?

A

no

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9
Q

Describe the trachea physiology

A
  • mucous
  • cartilage rings that keep expanded
  • takes air into the lungs
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10
Q

What is a common location for cancer in the respiratory tract?

A

location where trachea branches into bronchi due to toxicant impaction

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11
Q

Describe the bronchi and it’s fcuntion

A

branch into bronchioles than alveoli. takes air to alveoli

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12
Q

Describe the defense mechanisms and speed of clearance in the upper respiratory system

A
  • hair
  • mucous
  • mucociliary escalator (moves particles up and out so we cough or swallow them)
  • fast clearance
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13
Q

Describe the defense mechanism and speed of clearance in the lower respiratry syste.

A

Slow clearance

Macrophages- WBC that engulf and digest foreign material

Digested particles taken to the lymphatic system

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14
Q

What are the potential systems the upper/ lower respiratory system an have based on their clearance?

A

URT- Systemic to GI tract

LRT - systemic to lymphatic system

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15
Q

Why is the breathing rate important?

A

breathing rate influences the risk

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16
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

VC- volume expired in a maximum expiration after maximum inspiration

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17
Q

What is the term for the maximum air expired in the first second of VC?

A

Forced Expiatory Volume (FEV1)

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18
Q

What is science of the measurement of air?

A

spirometry

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19
Q

What is the importance of spirometry?

A

it tests for restrictive and obstructive conditions

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20
Q

What is an aerosol?

A

Collection of solid or liquid particles suspended in gas

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21
Q

Why are small aerosols a concern?

A

they stay suspended in the air longer

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22
Q

what is the maximum size for an inhalable aerosol?

A

100 um or less

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23
Q

What are the types of aerosols?

A
  • dusts
  • mist-
  • smoke
  • fumes
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24
Q

What occupation creates a lot of fumes?

A

welding - from melting the metal

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25
Q

How can aerosols find people?

A
  • small particles through ventilation systems and turbulence / convection
  • larger particles clump or settle and can be resuspended with activity like walking on carpet
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26
Q

What primarily determines the particulate matters deposition in the body?

A

Size

can statistically predict where a particle will deposit in the RT based on the aerodynamic diameter

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27
Q

What can happen to a deposited particle?

A

It will be cleared or retained

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28
Q

Are all aerosols deposited?

A

No, some are breathed in and exit on the exhale

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29
Q

What is the equation for retention?

A

Retention = deposition - clearance

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30
Q

What determines the amount of damage caused by the aerosol?

A

1) Rate of clearance
2) Deposition location
3) CHemical and biological properties of agent
4) host factors

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31
Q

Give an example of chemical/ biological properties that can cause different levels of damage in the body

A

iron - little or no damage

lead - very high amounts of damage

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32
Q

Describe unit density spheres

A
  • not all the same shape
  • ex - particles that clump together
  • measure by behavior versus shape (where they end up in lungs)
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33
Q

aerodynamic diameter

A

the diameter of a unit density sphere that settles at the same velocity as the particle in question

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34
Q

If two particles have the same aerodynamic diameter, do they have the same shape?

A

NO

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35
Q

Describe what happens to the time suspended in the air as the size of the particle increases. Example.

A

As the size of the particle increases, the time in the air decreases.

Example- .5 um stays suspended for 41 hours while 100 um stays suspended for 5.8 seconds

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36
Q

What may impact the size distribution and concentration of particles?

A

different work processes

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37
Q

How does energy and heat impact the size of particles in the workplace/

A

hotter processes that require more concentrated energy, like welding, break atoms and create smaller particles. However, more mechanical processes do not have the same amount of energy and create larger particles.

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38
Q

We looked at two machines in class that measure particle diameters and distribution. How do they work.

A

Gray machine - measures smaller particles (up to 500 nm or .5 um) created from concentrated energy. envelopes the particles in alcohol and measures with laser.

Grimm machine- measures larger particles (>500 um). two lasers and measures the time it takes to travel from one to the other

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39
Q

Name 3 static properties that can influence our ability to sample and control them

A
  • size
  • solubility
  • electric charge
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40
Q

What are the dynamic properties of aerosols? (how do they move)

A

1) impaction
2) Interception
3) Diffusion
4) Filtration - through engineering or PPE controls

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41
Q

How do the largest particles deposit?

A

Sedimentation (drop)

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42
Q

Describe how particles can deposit

A

impaction
interception
diffusion

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43
Q

Describe impactiion and where it primarily occurs

A

Upper respiratory tract- when the air move direction, the particle wants to go straight and deposits where it hits (ie where trachea branches into bronchi).

Usually larger inhalable particles

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44
Q

Describe Interception

A

particle small enough to follow the direction of the air, but gets stuck and deposits

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45
Q

Describe diffusion

A

occurs in the lower respiratory system

-particles even smaller than air, they get bounced around in a random pattern and hit something

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46
Q

What is another name for the movement of diffusion

A

Browmian movement

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47
Q

What decreases the dose in the respiratory tract?

A

defense mechanisms and clearance

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48
Q

What is the size of inhalable particles and where can they reach?

A

<100 um, can enter the nose

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49
Q

What is the size of thoracic particles and where can they reach?

A

<40 um, into the trachea and bronchi

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50
Q

What is the size of respirable particles and where can they reach?

A

<10 um, pulmonary region

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51
Q

What size particles are the most concerning?

A

respirable particles

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52
Q

How does size relate to deposition?

A

as size goes up, probability of depositing goes down

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53
Q

What is the ideal size to breathe out and never deposit?

A

0.3 um or 300 nm

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54
Q

What size particle typically impacts in the upper respiratory system?

A

larger inhalable particles

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55
Q

What size particle is the worst in terms of depositing in the pulmonary region?

A

10um- respirable

Note- nose and thoracic region trap the larger particles

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56
Q

Are diseases of the pulmonary region reversible?

A

no

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57
Q

Name diseases caused by aerosols in the upper respiratory system

A
  • irritation
  • infection
  • allergic reaction
  • cancer
58
Q

How can irritation impact the upper respiratory system

A
  • inflammation
  • necrosis
  • ulceration
59
Q

What type of cancers can be caused in the upper respiratory system

A
  • Nasal

- Laryngeal

60
Q

What diseases can result from aerosols depositing in the tracheobronchial region

A
  • irritation
  • infection
  • allergic reaction
  • cancer
61
Q

What is cancer of the tracheobronchial region called?

A

bronchiocarcinoma

62
Q

What diseases can result for aerosols depositing in the pulmonary region?

A
  • irritation
  • infection
  • fibrosis
  • emphysema
63
Q

describe fibrsis, example

A

scarring tissue formed

ex- silca - silicosis

64
Q

Describe emphysema

A
  • alveoli coalesce and there is less surface for gas exchange
65
Q

What three conditions lead to inflammation?

A

Irritation
Infection
Allergic Reactions

66
Q

Name the types of bioaerosols

A

1) Fungi
2) Bacteria
3) viruses
4) dust mite droppings
5) pollen
6) endotoxins

67
Q

How much extra bacteria does high pressure food equipment cleaning eject into the air?

A

3-10 x

68
Q

What is the bioaerosol concern with metal working?

A

metalworking mists contain microorganisms and endotoxins that can cause hypersensitivity and asthma

69
Q

What determines how bad the bioaersol is?

A
  • viability
  • virulence
  • communicability and transmission
  • host factors (age, other disease, smoker, etc.)
70
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

Thin layer of microorganisms that coat a surface (Aggregations)

71
Q

How many of all human infections are due to biofilms?

A

65%

72
Q

How can biofilms be aerosolized

A

high pressure air or water hoses

73
Q

Examples of biofilms

A

Legionella, TB

74
Q

What is a gas?

A

Chemicals that have no shape but expand to fill the container that they are in

75
Q

What is a true gas?

A

Gaseous at room temperature

76
Q

What is a vapor?

A

When a liquid or solid sublimates to form a vapor about the solution or the solid

77
Q

How do gasses move?

A

Diffuse from higher concentrations to lower concentrations

78
Q

What is volatility?

A

The tendency of a substance to vaporize (directly related to the vapor pressure)

79
Q

What is VHR?

A

The vapor hazard ratio- measurement for solvent volatility

80
Q

What is the equation for VHR?

A

Vapor Pressure (from NIOSH) at 25 degrees C / TLV

81
Q

What are the characteristics of gasses?

A

concentration
reactivity
solubility (air vs. liquid)

82
Q

What characteristic of gas is most important when determining it’s health effects?

A

Solubility

83
Q

What is the most common health effect of gasses?

A

Irritation- 80% of all gaseous chemicals are irritants

84
Q

Describe inflammation

A
  • caused by irritation
  • redness
  • swelling
  • heat
  • pain
  • decrease in function
85
Q

What are the effects of irritation from gasses in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • increase in mucus
  • decreased ciliary beating
  • bronchoconstriction
86
Q

What are examples of gaseous sensory irritants?

A

ammonia and HCL

87
Q

What impact can gaseous irritants have on the lower respiratory system?

A
  • damage to lining
  • pulmonary edema
  • kill macrophages
  • damage to surfactants
88
Q

What are examples of gaseous pulmonary irritants?

A

NOx, Phosgene, Chlorine

89
Q

What is the name of gasses that impact the lower respiratory system?

A

respiratory irritants

90
Q

What is the difference between simple and chemical asphyxiants?

A

Simple asphyxiants- displace oxygen, problem if oxygen drops below 20%

Chemical- body cannot transport O2, or cells cannot use O2

91
Q

What are examples of chemical asphyxiants?

A

CO, Cyanide

92
Q

What are the health effects of gasses?

A
  • irritation *
  • Asphyxiation
  • Necrosis/ Amnesia
93
Q

What chemical often causes necrosis/ anethesia?

A

Many solvents

94
Q

How do gases cause nacrosis/ anethesia? What are the symptoms?

A

inhaled and distributed to depress the CNS

Symptoms: dizzy, light headed, sleepy, nausea

95
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex gasses?

A

simple: only impact the CNS

Complex: impact the CNS and other organs

96
Q

Define confined spaces

A

Limited, restricted entry/ exit, not intended for employee to complete work inside

97
Q

What are the concerns with confined spaces?

A
  • oxygen deficiency

- toxic and/ or flammable gasses

98
Q

What are the two most dangerous chemicals in confined spaces?

A

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide

99
Q

What explosive gas can be found in confined spaces?

A

Methane

100
Q

What needs to be done if chemicals are detected in a confined space?

A

Ventilate fresh air INTO the space

101
Q

What is needed for a fire?

A

Fuel
Oxygen
Ignition
Propagation (maintains the chemical reaction)

102
Q

Define flash point

A

Minimum temperature to ignite a flame (can flash and die)

103
Q

Define Fire Point

A

Minimum temperature to maintain a flame

104
Q

Define Flammable Liquid and example

A

any liquid having a flash point below 100 degrees F (always at flash point, event at room temp). Gas is example)

105
Q

Define Combustible Liquid and example

A

liquids that have a flash point at or above 100 degrees F (Needs to be heated to ignite). Ex- diesel

106
Q

Define Flammable or Explosive Range

A

difference between the lower and upper flammable limits, expressed in terms of percentage of vapor or gas in air by volume

107
Q

What is the LEL?

A

Review

108
Q

What is the UEL?

A

Review

109
Q

What causes a reaction?

A

When the volume of products are greater than the reactants

Volume products > reactants

110
Q

What can ignite an explosion?

A

static

111
Q

What gasses can cause frostbite?

A

Cryogenic gasses

112
Q

What is the concern with compressed gases?

A

Explosions

Oxygen deficiency

113
Q

What are the concerns with outdoor Air quality?

A
  • hazardous air pollutants (HAPS)
  • Ozone depletion
  • Global Warming
  • Smog
  • Non attainment
114
Q

…the higher the vapor pressure at normal temperature…

A

the more volatile

115
Q

Give an example of a volatile substance

A

Gasoline (vaporizes even at freezing temps)

116
Q

What are examples of confined spaces?

A

Cisterns/ manholes

117
Q

What can cause an explosion?

A

Flammable gasses, reactive chemicals in any form (even dust and steam)

118
Q

Why are confined spaces more dangerous for explosions?

A

added pressure

119
Q

Describe Indoor Air Quality

A

Air quality problems in buildings one would not expect to have problems in (ie offices, schools, libraries)

120
Q

Describe SBS

A

sick building syndrome- ACUTE, symptoms stop when you leave the building

121
Q

What are common symptoms of SBS?

A

Headache
Upper respiratory irritation
Nausea

122
Q

What are the common SBS Agents?

A

1) CO
2) VOCs
3) ETS
4) CO2
5) Microbial Agents
6) Relative Humidity

123
Q

What SBS agent should always be checked first?

A

CO

124
Q

What does CO cause?

A

Fatigue, headache…death

125
Q

What symptoms do VOCs cause?

A

headache, irritation

126
Q

What are common VOCs?

A

formaldehyde, VOCs from furnishing

127
Q

What does ETS contain?

A

Carbon Monoxide and VOCs

128
Q

What do microbial agents cause when indoors?

A

irritation, headaches

129
Q

What is an indicator of inadequate ventilation in buildings?

A

CO2

130
Q

What is are the symptoms of a high CO2 concentration in a building?

A

Fatigue, sleepiness

131
Q

What are the concerns with relative humidity?

A

Too low–> irritation

Too high–> microbial growth

132
Q

What causes indoor air quality problems? give the % breakdown,.

A
  • inadequate ventilation (50-60%)
  • Indoor source (20%)
  • outdoor source (10%)
  • Unknown source (10%)
133
Q

What allergens are considered to be indoor air quality agents?

A
  • dust mites
  • pet dander
  • some chemicals
134
Q

What microorganisms are indoor air quality agents?

A
  • bacteria
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • mold
135
Q

What indoor air quality agents can cause chronic disease?

A

1) Radon
2) Asbestos
3) ETS

136
Q

Where is radon ususally found?

A

Basements of buildings with uranium rich soi

137
Q

What are the second and third leading causes of lung cancer in the US?

A 
#2- radon
#3- ETS
138
Q

What diseases does asbestos cause?

A

asbestosis, mesothelioma

139
Q

How is CO produced?

A

Incomplete combustion, usually near a furnace

140
Q

What can cause ETS in a building?

A

Ventilation intake near where people smoke

141
Q

What is the ideal realative humidity?

A

less than 60 but more than 30

142
Q

What is the acute health concern with ETS?

A

Constant inflammation which can depress the immune system

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

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