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Industrial Hygiene > Need to Learn > Flashcards

Need to Learn Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive (blockage, damage to eardrum, not due to noise)

Sensorineural (damage to inner ear or nerve, due to chronic noise exposure)

Temporaru vs. Permaent threshold shift

Tinnitus

Trauma

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2
Q

Difference between sound power and sound pressure level

A

sound power- intensity in watts / m2 emitted by source, hard to measure

sound pressure level- detectable differences in loudness measured in dB

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3
Q

5 basic components of hearing conservation program

A

1) Exposure monitoring
2) Audiometric testing
3) Hearing protection
4) Employee training
5) Record keeping

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4
Q

OSHA’s program to prevent noise- induced hearing loss

A

hearing conservation program

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5
Q

Specific components of HCP

A
  • person in charge
  • baseline and ongoing exposure measurements
  • control of excessive exposure
  • audiometric testing
  • training
  • SOP
  • Program assessment
  • Records
  • Buy quiet
  • Develop the best program not just the required one
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6
Q

scale which electronically adjusts the amplification of frequencies giving some more amplification than others

A

weighting

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7
Q

What are the most common sources of noise?

A

mechanical (vibrating or moving surfaces)

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8
Q

Examples of aeorodynamic sources of noise

A

-unsteady flow of air, specific gas, or steam

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9
Q

word for echo

A

reverberation

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10
Q

name two important methods (other than standard controls) that can help with noise

A

preventative maintenance

buy quiet specs

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11
Q

what measures the effectiveness of the hearing protection devices?

A

NRR noise reduction rating

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12
Q

What is the equation for NRR?

A

ENV- (NRR-7 /2)

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13
Q

What are the limitations of NRR?

A

measured under optimal conditions with trained employees

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14
Q

What is the difference in NRR above 105?

A

take higher NRR + 5dB

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15
Q

what frequencies are tested in audiometery?

A

500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000

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16
Q

what must audiometry adjust for?

A

Age

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17
Q

During audiometric testing, how can you identify a threshold shift?

A

if average losses at each freq is >= 10 dB- standard threshold shift

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18
Q

What does the SPL decrease by if you increase double the distance?

A

6 dB

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19
Q

What is the threshold gate?

A

lower limit of SPL will be included

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20
Q

What is the amount used to determine % allowable exposure for noise, which standard is typically used?

A

criterion level

OSHA- 90 dBA

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21
Q

What is the exchange rate or doubling rate

A

sound pressure increase or decrease that determines a halving or doubling of exposure time

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22
Q

Describe the regulations and standards for thermal stress

A
  • Department of labor
  • No OSHA regulation- falls under general duty clause
  • professional standards & recommended limits: ACGIH TLVs for Physical Agents

*Follow ACGIH TLVs

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23
Q

What conditions increase evaporation?

A

dry conditions

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24
Q

Factors that affect thermal balance

A
  • climatic conditions
  • work demands
  • clothing
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25
Q

What is vulnerable to changes in body temp?

A

enzymes

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26
Q

When people’s body’s change so they can handle different temperatures. Example.

A

acclimatization

cardiovascular changes

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27
Q

What interferes with acclimitization

A
  • alcohol use
  • lack of sleep
  • illness
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28
Q

What are the different names for the first stage of disease related to heat?

A

heat strain

heat fatigue

heat exhaustion

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29
Q

What is the clinical term for low blood pressure?

A

circulatory hypstasis

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30
Q

What causes heat syncope?

A

vasodilation and fluid loss

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31
Q

What are some immediate solutions for hyperthermia?

A

ice, wet cloth, increase air motion, call 911

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32
Q

What is the solution for hypothermia?

A

warm extremeties but do not rub skim, replace wet clothing with warm dry clothes, give warm drinks

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33
Q

What factors should you account for when measuring temperature?

A
  • air temperature
  • temperature of surroundings
  • air velocity
  • humidity
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34
Q

Describe the measuring instruments for temperature

A

Dry bulb temperature- thermometer
Wet bulb temperature- thermometer
globe temperature- thermometer

air velocity- velometer, anemometer

humidity- hygrometer, psychrometer

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35
Q

What does each component of the WBGT measure?

A

globe temp- radiating heat

dry bulb- air temp

wet bulb- get sponge wet and measures how fast evaporation occurs

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36
Q

Equation for heat stress

A

WBGTinside = 0.7Tnwb+0.3Tg

WBGToutside = 0.7Tnwb+0.2Tg+ 0.1 Tdb

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37
Q

What are other metrics used for heat stress?

A
  • relative humidity
  • equivalent chill
  • heat-humidity index
  • effective temperature
  • apparent temperature
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38
Q

What are the medical measurements for temperature?

A

-heart rate monitors
-body temperature
sentinel health evnts

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39
Q

What are engineering controls for thermal stress?

A
  • HVAC (to reduce air temp, humidity, and increase air movement)
  • humidifier/ dehumidifier
  • shielding from radiant heat
  • change clothing
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40
Q

When sodium concentrations in the blood are too low

A

Hyponoatremia

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41
Q

Administrative controls for thermal stress

A
  • fluid management
  • acclimation
  • job rotation
  • work/ rest cycles
  • medical surveillance
  • buddy systems
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42
Q

Why do inexperienced workers need more time to acclimate?

A

use more energy to do the job and heat up faster

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43
Q

Describe the written hazard communication program

A
  • list of hazardous chemicals
  • labeling
  • SDS
  • Training
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44
Q

What is the scope?

A
  • raw materials
  • intermediates
  • products
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45
Q

Name 3 exemptions to Hazzcom

A
  • pesticides
  • F&B
  • Seeds
  • Drugs
  • Cosmetics
  • Nuisance Particulates
  • Ionizing and nonionizing radiation
  • biohazards
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46
Q

Define hazard classification

A

provides specific criteria for classification of health and physical hazards as well as mixtures

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47
Q

What must labels include?

A

1) Product identifier
2) signal word
3) pictogram
4) hazard statement
5) precautionary statement (optional)
6) Chemical manufacturer name, address, and phone number

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48
Q

how many sections are in the SDS?

A

16

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49
Q

Who is responsible for training on new label elements and SDS?

A

employers must train workers

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50
Q

What are challenges with HazComm?

A
  • most cited OSHA violation

- mobile workforce (working at multiple sites)

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51
Q

Draw the LD50 graph

A

Y- % test anumal population dies

X- dose (mg/ kg body weight)

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52
Q

Health Pictogram

A
  • carcinogen
  • mutagenicity
  • reproductive toxicity
  • target organ toxicity
  • aspiration toxicity
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53
Q

Flame Pictogram

A
  • flammable
  • pyrophoric
  • self-heating
  • self reactive
  • emits flammable gas
  • organic peroxides
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54
Q

!

A
  • skin and eye irritant
  • skin sensitizer
  • respiratory tract irritant
  • hazardous to ozone layer
  • acute toxicity
  • narcotic effects
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55
Q

gas cylinder

A

gases under pressure

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56
Q

corrosion

A
  • skin corrosion/ burns
  • eye damage
  • corrosive to metals
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57
Q

Exploding bombs

A
  • explosive
  • self reactive
  • organic peroxide
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58
Q

difference btween flame and lame over circle?

A

flame - mainly reactive agents and flammable agents

flame over circle- oxidizers

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59
Q

Environment

A

non-mandatory- indicates aquatic toxicity

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60
Q

Skull and crossbones

A

acute toxicity (potentially fatal)

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61
Q

What is REACH and where is it used?

A

Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances

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62
Q

The study of human measurements

A

anthropometry

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63
Q

Characteristics of the human body in medical terms

A

biomechanics

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64
Q

Why are biomechanics used?

A
  • measure body strength
  • design for human strength
  • avoid exertion of hand/ foot/ body
  • determine ability of body to handle loads
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65
Q

scientific study / design of equipment and work tasks and the relation/ fit to the operator

A

ergonomics

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66
Q

How is anthropometry used?

A
  • designing workplace, workstation, vehicles, tools
  • based on military
  • can design for average, extremes, adjustability
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67
Q

rotation upward (palm up)

A

supination

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68
Q

What is the energy cost of work?

A

how physically strenuous is the job?- note different activities burn calories at different rates

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69
Q

What does fatigue depend on?

A

1) Metabolic rate of work- buildup of potassium and lactic acid in the muscles
2) Work intensity
3) dynamic and static properties

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70
Q

What is fatigue affected by?

A
  • illness
  • pain
  • lack of sleep or rest
  • poor eating habits
  • worry
  • responsibility
  • conflict
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71
Q

What are the symptoms of job related fatigue?

A
  • irritability
  • depression
  • lack of drive
  • headache
  • giddiness
  • palpitations
  • digestive problems
  • insomnia
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72
Q

human strength

A

amount of force or torque (movement) applied to external measuring instrument, data used to design tools

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73
Q

___ ___ ___ develop torque around body ___ bridged by the ____

A

muscular force vectors, joints, muscle

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74
Q

Define cumulative trauma disorder

A

adverse health effects that arise from repeated exposure to micro-trauma in an occupational setting

75
Q

Describe the tissues at risk for cumulative trauma disorders

A

Muscle- strain, stretch, tear, atrophy

tendon- tear, scarring, tendonititis

Bursa- bursitis

ligament- stretch, tear, sprain

nerve- compression, neuritis

blood vessels- spasm, compression –> ischemia

76
Q

What are host risk factors for CTDs?

A
  • artiritis
  • hormonal factors
  • diabetes
  • overweight
  • psychological issues
77
Q

Overview of types of CTD

A

1) Tendonitis- rotator cuff tendonitis, epicondylitis, De Quervain’s Syndrom
2) Nerve Compression syndromes- carpal tunnel syndrome
3) Low Back Disorders- lumbar disc syndrome
4) Vibration white finger

78
Q

What are other names for rotator cuff syndrom?

A

swimmers shoulder

impingement syndrome

79
Q

what tendon is inflammed in impingement syndrome?

A

supraspinatus tendon

80
Q

What are the two types of rotator cuff tendonitis?

A
  • intrinsic impingement (overuse, tension overload, trauma –> degeneration)
  • mechanical compression
81
Q

What are the symptoms of tendonitis?

A

pain with motion in pinch zone

weakens shoulder abduction

82
Q

What is the difference between lateral epicondylitis and medial epicondylitis?

A

lateral- inflammation of lateral epicondyle (tennis elbow). Tendon EXTENDS wrist and fingers. Pain with lifting, palm down, pain with gripping , extensor weakness

medial- small tears in muscle/ tendon unit inside elbow (golfers). Tendon flexes wrist and fingers. Pain with gripping or twisting, flexor weakness

83
Q

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths. What does it result from?

A

tendonsynovitis

repetitive movements or overstretching

84
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

compression of the nerves and arteries in the thoracic outlet (under clavicle)

85
Q

What disease is caused by prolonged hyperabduction of the arm from performing tasks above the head?

A

brachial plexus neuritis

86
Q

Inflammation of tendons and synovium around thumb

A

de Quervains syndrome

87
Q

inflammation of tendon an synovium of ring finger. how does it occur? What does it prevent?

A

trigger finger, nodule forms in tendon from repeated trauma. Prevents full extension of finger

88
Q

What is Lumbar Disc Syndrome? What makes it better and worse?

A

pain or numbness in back, buttock, or leg

Worse: moving out of prolonged postures, forward bending, morning

Better: with walking

89
Q

What are signs and symptoms of CTDs?

A
  • decreased range of motion
  • deformity
  • decreased grip strength or loss of muscle function
  • pain in joints
  • numbness, tingling, burning
  • cramping, stiffness, swelling
  • white extremeities
90
Q

What are the primary causes of CTDs? other reasons?

A
  • Force, repitition, posture

- fatigue, vibration, cold

91
Q

What can be used to evalulate CTDs?

A
  • Describe tasks and risks

- electromyography

92
Q

What are some engineering controls for CTDs?

A
  • automation
  • mechanization (machine help)
  • seats and other aids
  • job enlargement
93
Q

What are administrative controls for CTDs?

A
  • freq short breaks
  • job rotation- watch for response interference
  • training (technique, awareness, fitness)
94
Q

What are job risk factors for back injury?

A
  • high load (weight)
  • Freq of action
  • Distance to load (reach)
  • Position (sitting less leverage)
  • Twisting
  • Probability of slips/ falls
  • poor posture (bent, constant)
95
Q

Host risk factors for inury?

A
  • physical dimensions and strength
  • nutrition, weight, and behavior
  • psychological factors
  • age
  • experience
  • fatigue
96
Q

Env risk factors for back injury

A
  • slippery surfaces
  • uneven surfaces
  • obstacles
  • poor lighting
  • steps/ other challenges
97
Q

Which is better for lifting- horizontal or vertical movement?

A

horizontal

98
Q

What are considerations when evaluating lifing?

A
  • unit weight and dimensions
  • horizontal or vertical movement
  • bending/ twisting
  • sharp edges
  • reaching
99
Q

Describe how to interpret the lifting index (LI)

A

if LI equal to or less than 1 - no action is needed

If LI is greater than 1, the job needs to be redesigned to decrease LI

100
Q

What is the recommended weight limit?

A

maximum weight that 90% of physically fit male and female workers accustomed to physical labor can lift or lower

101
Q

What are engineering controls to reduce back injury?

A
  • aids/ equipment (ie lifts)
  • improve workflow layout
  • job design (use NIOSH lift- ie height of work surface
  • integration of controls with individual people
102
Q

Administrative controls

A
  • training (note- cannot overcome unsafe job)
  • personnel selection (test capability, medical clearance, but need to be ADA and equal opp)
  • Return to work issues
103
Q

What on tools can be used to help position hand?

A

flanges

104
Q

what to look for in tool design

A
  • level wrist, no twist
  • hand encircles handle
  • avoid pressure points
  • minimal roughness
105
Q

Things to avoid in tool use

A
  • repetitive and sustained exertion
  • shoulder tension
  • cooling of hand
  • vibration
106
Q

Components of the ergonomic program

A
  • person in charge
  • training
  • written SOPs
  • Doccumentation of actions/ records
  • Medical surveillance
  • Program Evaluation
  • Design job to fit worker
107
Q

What guidelines to follow?

A

OSHA has guidelines for specific industries

108
Q

How to best plan machines for the workplace

A
  • fit process and equipment to worker
  • consider layout of site
  • use mockups
  • use adequate space for clearance and safety
  • consider manipulations to positions that are needed
109
Q

What to consider with displays and controls

A
  • predictability
  • ease of use
  • minimize error
  • visual/ auditory
110
Q

What are radioactive elements?

A

unstable forms of elements that decay to stable elements and emit ionizing radiation in the process

111
Q

How do nuclear reactors work?

A

bombard large atoms with neutrons to split them (fission) and generate heat

112
Q

What do CAT and PET stand for?

A

computed axial tomography and positron emission tomography

113
Q

Sources of ionizing radiation

A
  • sealed sources
  • radiation machines
  • radioisotopes + machine
  • unique radioisotopes
114
Q

Workplaces with nonionizing radiation

A
  • outdoor occupations
  • power transmition
  • welding
  • radar
  • lasers
  • electrical equipment
115
Q

Draw radioactive decay products

A
  • -> alpha particles
  • -> gamma rays
  • -> proton, beta particles, neutrons
116
Q

What is the composition of alpha particles?

A

2 neutrons and 2 protons

117
Q

Examples of alpha emitters

A

uranium- 238, Pu-238, radon-222

118
Q

Term for secondary xrays produced when beta moves through a material

A

bremsstrahlung radiation

119
Q

Examples of low and high energy beta emitters

A

Low: H-3, C-14

High- P-31

120
Q

What are the different energy levels of neturons and how does that impact how they travel?

A

High- travel further, penetrate more

low- less travel distance, less penetration

121
Q

At what size does radiation begin to ionize?

A

300 nm

122
Q

Describe gamma waves

A
  • energy emission (photons) from nucleus as result of radioactive decay
  • significant health risk
  • low energy: I-125
    High energy- I-131
123
Q

Describe xrays

A

energy emission photons from the outside of the nucleus when electrons drop to lower orbitals

  • significant health risk
  • soft and hard energy levels
124
Q

Examples of determinisitic effects

A 
radiation dermatitis
cataracts
sterility
microcephaly of babies
mental retardation of babies
125
Q

examples of stochastic effects

A

lung cancer

genetic effects

126
Q

chronic effects of ionizing radiation

A
  • lung cancer
  • leukemia
  • decreased lifespan
127
Q

Acute effects of ionizing radiation

A
  • damage to central nervous system
  • damage to intestinal villi
  • damage to leukocytes and stem celss
  • skin burns
128
Q

what are stem cells?

A

repair cells

129
Q

What is exposure?

A

energy transmitted to the target in the body

130
Q

what is the concern with ionization chambers? examples?

A

reading low energy photon materials

  • ionization chambers
    geiger mueller counters
    -proportional counters
131
Q

What is the measuring instrument that ionizes molecules and produces and emission of light related to the energy outut of the radioisotope? What area sample method is used with it?

A

scintillation chambers

wipe sampling

132
Q

This measuring instrument uses lithium flouride to react with radiation and excite electrons- giving off light

A

TLD- thermoluminescence detector

133
Q

Electrostatic chargining fiber want that moves along a scale

A

pocket dosimeter

134
Q

What type of instrument is used to measure radon?

A

alpha track detector

135
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

as low as reasonably achieveable

136
Q

thickness of a material required to stop half of the radiation

A

half value layer

137
Q

How are electric and magnetic fields produced?

A

Electric field- electric charge differences (voltage)

magnetic field- electrons moving (current)

Electric charges produce electric fields and moving them creates magnetic fields

138
Q

What is the unit of ionizing radiation?

A

Specific Absorption Rate- dose rate at which energy is transferred to tissues in watts/ kg

139
Q

What is an important label for static magnetic sources?

A

magnetic resonance? danger for projectiles

140
Q

What does radar stand for?

A

radio detection and ranging

141
Q

What are the health effects of infrared?

A
  • heating
  • erythema
  • skin pigmentation
  • cataracts
142
Q

What does laser stand for?

A

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

143
Q

What are the hazard classes of lasers?

A

Class 1: harmless

Class 4: Very hazardous

144
Q

What are most health problems related to when using lasers? What lasers are most dangerous? Some health risks an other risks?

A

concentrated energy

pulsed lasers

damage to cornea, erythema, fire, electrocution, toxic gases

145
Q

How can you measure nonionizing radiation?

A
  • sub- magnetic and electric survey meters

mw/ rf- induced current meter/ contact current meter

optical- photometer/ radiometer/ dosimeters

146
Q

Additional controls for subradio and fd

A
  • grounding / cancelling

rf- metal mesh barrier or ppe

147
Q

Give a general overview of emergency planning stages

A
  • Before- plan, organize, predict, mitigate

During: response an actions

After: recovery. security, secondary disasters

148
Q

What are the before steps?

A
  • someone designated to be in charge and given authority to act

emergency plans

149
Q

What must emergency plans include

A
  • escape routes
  • practice/ drills
  • local community
    insurance
150
Q

What are considerations during?

A
  • quick, effective responsible action
  • resources
  • will and imagination
  • emotional aspects
151
Q

What are after concerns?

A
  • security
    -secondary disasters
    0 rebuilding
    -death
  • pysch/ physical effects
  • liability
152
Q

Jobs that IH professionals may fulfill

A
  • safety officer/ coordinator

- HAZWOPER

153
Q

How do the IH functions fit into emergency planning?

A
  • anticipate
  • recognize
  • evaluate
  • control
154
Q

What is the method of managing emergencies?

A

Incident command system

155
Q

Name additional considerations for emergency response

A
  • alarms
  • evacuation
  • shelter in place
  • hazcomm
156
Q

Name a situation when OSHA requires an emergency plan

A

when fire extinguishers are provided and if anyone evacuating during a fire

157
Q

What are the OSHA and Process Safety requirements?

A
  • EAP workers and communities
  • process hazard analysis
  • Process flow diagrams
158
Q

What is the name of the EPA emergency response program?

A

Risk Management Plan

159
Q

When does the RMP have to be updated?

A

when process changes

160
Q

what is required in the RMP

A

emergency response plan

  • 5 year accident report
  • analysis of worst case and off sit releases
161
Q

What are the units of dose for radiation?

A

Roentegen (R)- unit of radiation exposure

Radiation absorbed dose (RAD)- absorbed dose divided by time it takes to deliver that dose

REM- Roentegen Equivalent for man (1 RAD = 1REM

CPM - number of counts taken during 1 minute

Microseiverts per hour- uSv/ hr- international for dose equivalent

162
Q

What was the lab device for radiation?

A

Radiation alert ranger

163
Q

What are mR/ hr and uSv/ hr used for?

A

gamma and x ray

164
Q

what units are CPM and CPS used for?

A

alpha and beta

165
Q

Describe Uranyl Acetate

A

salt of uranyl- not harmful if external, very toxic internally, alpha and beta with some gamma

166
Q

Describe potassium cloride

A

odorless salt, used widely, causes cardiac arrest, beta particles emitter

167
Q

Describe urannium Ore

A

metal common in earth’s crust- alpha particles emitter

168
Q

Thorium oxide

A

silvery metal that tarnishes black, lanterns, alpha decy

169
Q

what is biomechanics?

A

characteristics of the human body in medical terms, determines human ability to handle loads

170
Q

What is anthropometry?

A

study of human measurements

171
Q

What is the role of ligaments?

A

provide stability

172
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

allow for movement

173
Q

Controls for CTDS

A

Automation
Mechanization
Aids

174
Q

How to prevent sustained exertion

A

reduced by reducing weights of objects or tools, changing size or shapes, and balancing objects held in the hands. Fewer objects can be picked up at one time or objects can be picked up with two hands rather than one handed.

175
Q

How to reduce mechanical stress concentrations

A

controlled by increasing the size of handles, eliminating sharp edges, and using compliant materials. Handles should be as large as will fit comfortably in the hand.

176
Q

Describ fatigue

A

deterioration of mental and physical function, depends on metabolic rate of work (Buildup of lactic acid in muscles), work intensity, dynamic and static positions. Risk factor for back injuries

177
Q

Describe poor life

A

Poor lifting (bulky, heavy items with sharp edges with vertical lift motion), also poor if lift with back not with knees. Poor lift technique leads to back injury. Handholds reduce risk of back injury

178
Q

What are some sources of beta particles and how are they used?

A

Naturally and artificially occurring: used in many medical research (tracers) and industrial applications (QC test thickness of material)

179
Q

What is radiation sickness?

A

radiation poisoning or acute radiation syndrome

180
Q

When are the effects of radiation sickness present?

A

within 24 hours to high amounts of ionizing radiation

181
Q

What causes radiation sickness?

A

cellular degradation due to damage to DNA and cellular structures

182
Q

Treatment

A

supportive (blood transfusion and antibiotics) and aggressive (bone marrow transfusions)

183
Q

What are you at increased risk for with frostbite?

A

Raynaud’s syndrome

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

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