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Industrial Hygiene > Dermatosis > Flashcards

Dermatosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general term for dermatosis?

A

skin disease

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2
Q

What is the history of dermatosis?

A

some of the earliest recognized occupational diseases

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3
Q

What is the statistic for dermatosis today?

A

-second highest reportable illness

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4
Q

What is the issue with looking at numbers? What is better? example?

A

Numbers- raw data, do not have a standard comparison. Rate- gives a standard comparison, so much better.

Ex) raw data shows that service industry of highest concern for dermatosis, but when looking at rate, agriculture, forestry, and fishing is actually the highest and services one of lowest (so larger number working in service industry and more agricultural workers getting sick with less workers)

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5
Q

Do percentage breakdowns accurately show data?

A

NO- need rates to compare data

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6
Q

What host factors affect risk of dermatosis?

A
  • race
  • age
  • gender
  • texture
  • perspiration
  • cleanliness
  • atopy
  • other skin diseases
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7
Q

What is atopy?

A

Allergic disposition

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8
Q

Why is age an important host factor?

A

older people have skin with less elasticity and oils

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9
Q

What are the common locations of atopic skin wounds in adults?

A

Face, neck, visible skin folds, hands/ feet, arms and legs

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10
Q

relating to or affecting the skin

A

cutaneous

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11
Q

through the skin –> systemic effects

A

percutaneous absorption

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12
Q

What is the difference between cutaneous and percutaneous?

A

Cutaneous- relating to the skin

percutaneous absorption- absorbed through the skin and distributed to cause systemic effects

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13
Q

Why is skin a concern?

A

it is the largest organ with the largest surface area (increased opportunity for contact and absorption)

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14
Q

How much skin do we have total? Breakdown?

A

18k cm^2

1/3 lower limbs
1/3 torso
1/3 upper limbs, head, and neck

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15
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

1) regulates temperature
2) UV light barrier
3) permeability barrier

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous

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17
Q

tough layer of the epidermis that offers the most protection

A

stratum corneum

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18
Q

What cells are in the epidermis that respond to UV light?

A

Melanocytes- more are produced when exposed to UV light

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19
Q

Are pores and hair a concern as a route of entry?

A

No

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20
Q

What substances are able to penetrate the stratum corneum?

A

alkali

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21
Q

What is dermatosis?

A

abnormal conditions of the skin

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22
Q

Layer that flakes off

A

Stratum corneum in epidermis

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23
Q

What are some abnormal conditions of the skin?

A

1) mild redness
2) itching
3) scaling
4) acneiform
5) eczema
6) pigmentary
7) ulcers
8) granuloma
9) neoplasms

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24
Q

Skin abnormalities resulting from or aggravated by the work environment

A

occupational dermatosis

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25
Q

What are the 5 categories of occupational dermatosis agents?

A

1) Physical
2) Mechanical
3) Biological
4) Botanical
5) Chemical

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26
Q

term for irritation of the skin

A

Dermatitis

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27
Q

What is the difference between dermatosis and dermatitis?

A

Dermatosis- abnormal skin conditions

dermatitis- irritation of the skin

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28
Q

What is the most common occupational illness in the U.S.?

A

contact dermatitis

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29
Q

What is the most prevalent form on dermatitis? how can it occur?

A

irritant contact dermatitis- when a compound comes into direct contact with the skin, often more than once

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30
Q

Who can get primary irritation

A

anyone

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31
Q

Give example of some agents that can cause primary irritation

A

alkali, fibrous glass, acids, solvents

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32
Q

What are two occupations that come into contact with alkali?

A

Concrete workers and blueberry harvesters

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33
Q

What are irritant reactions caused by?

A

Contact with acids, alkaline materials, solvents, or other chemicals

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34
Q

What can increase the risk of dermatitis?

A
  • moisture
  • dirt
  • detergent
  • chemicals
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35
Q

with enough exposure to a chemical. ___ can develop a reaction

A

anyone

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36
Q

What characterizes dermatitis?

A

erythema and unilocular bullae resulting from epithelial necrosiss

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37
Q

What does the dermatitis reaction usually resemble?

A

Burns

38
Q

Describe allergic contact dermatitist

A

Less prevalent, requires sensitization of the immune system.

39
Q

What is the most common form of allergic contact dermatitis via plant

A

poison ivy/ poison oak

40
Q

What is unilocular bullae?

A

blister with one opening

41
Q

will everyone develope allergies?

A

no

42
Q

what is a microvesicle?

A

little blister

43
Q

Describe allergic reactions

A
  • Immune system must be sensitized to a chemical or material prior to reacting
  • Not everyone will have the same reaction
  • skin reaction takes over 24 hours to develop and can last for weeks
  • characterized by microvesicles
  • skin inflammation varies from mild irritation and redness to open sores
44
Q

Describe the process of an allergic reaction

A

exposure –> immune system –> reaction when exposed later

45
Q

What is another term for allergy?

A

hypersensitivity

46
Q

What is the oily toxic part of the poison ivy plant that causes rash, itch, and blisters?

A

urushiol

47
Q

What is a major concern with Poison Ivy/ Oak?

A

resistant to herbicides so growers are exposed

48
Q

What is the treatment for poison ivy/ oak?

A

immediately cleanse exposed skin with rubbing alcohol and water, then shower with soap and water. Wipe all tools, clothes, shoes, and items that contact urushiol with alochol

49
Q

What is the proper way to prevent future dermatitis cases?

A
  • determine and eliminate the source
50
Q

How long does it typically take to recover from dermatitis?

A

Uncomplicated cases: 3-7 days, vulnerable for 3 weeks

Severe: months

51
Q

What are the two types of dermatitis that result from extreme temperatures?

A
  • burns (1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree)

- frostbite in extremities

52
Q

What is acne?

A

inflammation of the sebaceous gland opening

53
Q

Type of acne with inflamed follicle “black heads” and excess oil

A

folliculitis

54
Q

What is chloracne caused by?

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons

55
Q

What is the term for reactions to light?

A

photoreactions

56
Q

What is the difference between photosensitization, photoallegy, and phototoxicity?

A

photoallergy- first exposure, immune system trigger, tends to be an allergic reaction to drugs and sunlight

Photosensitivitization- allergic reaction, chemical is impacted by the light, which causes a reaction

Phototoxicity- most severe, not an allergic reaction and UV light causes reaction from the chemical

57
Q

What aggravates occupational acne?

A

heat and friction

58
Q

What is commonly triggered by drugs + sunlight

A

photoallergy

59
Q

What is commonly triggered by chemicals + light? Ex?

A

Photosensitivity- field workers (outside) and pharmaceutical workers

60
Q

What is commonly triggered by drugs, chemicals and sunlight, not an allergic reaction but the sunlight alters toxicity. Ex?

A

Phototoxicity-ex) dyes

61
Q

What are examples of dermatoses that cause growths/ holes?

A
  • keratin stimulants
  • callus
  • ulcers
  • tumors, cancer
62
Q

What is cancer?

A

abnormal and uncontrolled growth

63
Q

What are the two types of skin cancer in the epidermis?

A

basal and squamous

64
Q

What is skin cancer of the mesoderma?

A

Squamous

65
Q

What are the most dangerous skin cancers?

A

melanoma

66
Q

What agents can cause skin cancer?

A

radiation
arsenic
PAH

67
Q

What puts someone at an increased risk for skin cancer?

A

frostbite and skin trauma

68
Q

What should you look for in moles when checking for skin cancer?

A

asymmetry, size, color, border

69
Q

Prickly heat

A

miliaria

70
Q

patchy hair loss

A

alopecia

71
Q

reabsorption of distal phylanges due to death of skin cells on fingers

A

acroosteolysis

72
Q

What is a potential dermatosis from data entry?

A

nail trauma / nail disorders

73
Q

Loss of pigmentation

A

vitiligo

74
Q

What determines the amount of percutaneous absorption?

A

1) Stratum corneum (barrier)
2) function of agent
3) skin integrity
4) amount transferred
5) skin moisture

75
Q

Important factors for percutaneous absorption

A

1) concentration and chemical type
2) surface area affected and where
3) type of skin (ie dry versus oily)
4) Intact skin?
5) Clean?
6) Solvents or surfactants
7) Follicles and ducts (minor role)
8) Frequency of application

76
Q

Other routes of entry are influenced by ___

A

contaminated hands

77
Q

What else can influence exposure to dermatosis agents?

A

Contaminated surfaces

Poor air quality

78
Q

What can exacerbate occupational dermatosis issues?

A

combining work exposure with after work exposure

79
Q

Chemical agentsthat cause dermatosis

A
  • corrosives
  • heavy metals
  • organic solvents
  • complex organics
  • chlorinated organics
  • rhus genus chemicals
  • epoxides, isocyanates
  • sensitizers
80
Q

Examples of mechanical agents that cause dermatosis

A

1) Trama (lacerations, punctures, tears from single or repeated events)
2) Friction (blisters, calluses) ie fiberglass

81
Q

Examples of physical agents that cause dermatosis

A

1) heat
2) cold
3) ultraviolet
4) ionizng radiation
5) vibration
6) combination with chemical

82
Q

Example of biological agents that cause dermatosis

A

1) bacteria
2) viruses
3) fungi
4) parasites

IE dust mite dropping

83
Q

Example of Botanical agents that cause dermatosis

A

plant products: irritants, allergens, photosensitizers

84
Q

How do you evaluate the workplace for occupational dermatosis agents?

A
  • mostly based on SDS
  • Biological monitoring
  • wipe testing
  • vaccuum testing
  • surfaces of people
  • air sampling
85
Q

What is BDT?

A

Breakthrough Time or breakthrough detection time- time in minutes from initial exposure of a chemical to the gloves outer surface to the time the chemical can first be detected on the gloves interior

86
Q

What is the permeation rate?

A

the rate of a chemical in ug/ min permeating an area (cm2) of glove material

87
Q

What are considered better breakthrough times and permeation rates?

A

BDT- high duration

PR- low rate

88
Q

What are the controls for skin?

A

select PPE based on the agent (lab coats, gloves)

Barrier cream (needs to be reapplied)

Emergency wash stations

89
Q

Give an example of an occupation where vacuum testing would be used?

A

home of an agricultural worker- vacuum evaluation of carpet for pesticides

90
Q

What agents can be detected during air sampling that would cause dermatosis?

A

mold spores, biological agents

91
Q

What are some different types of gloves?

A

to the wrist/ emergent

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

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