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Industrial Hygiene > Comparison to Standards, Decision Making > Flashcards

Comparison to Standards, Decision Making Flashcards

1
Q

Out of all of the 600,000 chemicals used in the world, how many are formally regulated?

A

2000

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2
Q

What does OEL stand for?

A

Occupational Exposure Limit

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3
Q

What is the OSHA exposure limit?

A

PEL - permissible exposure limit

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4
Q

What is NIOSH’s exposure limit?

A

REL - recommended exposure limit

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5
Q

What is ACGIH exposure limit?

A

Threshold limit value

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6
Q

Describe the TLV

A
  • many countries in Europe use
  • best knowledge that we have to date
  • may be the strictest
  • published annually
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7
Q

Why is OSHA considered to be a performance standard?

A

-does not indicate how to maintain workplace below PEL, just regulates the limit

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8
Q

What type of standards described how to reach a certain endpoint?

A

Prescribed or design standards- not as common, usually up to you to determine how you will reach a certain limit

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9
Q

What is the healthy workforce theory?

A

More people that work are healthy, others who got sick left for one reason or another

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10
Q

Give an example of a prescribed or design standard

A

ventilation standards- tell you how ventilation system must be designed

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11
Q

What do OSHA’s comprehensive standards cover?

A
  • PEL
  • Medical Surveillance
  • Prescribed control methods
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12
Q

What is OSHA’s general duty clause?

A

Employer is responsible for providing a workplace that is free of known hazards that can cause or are likely to cause serious injury or death

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13
Q

What is the equation for standard error?

A

SE = stddev / sqaure root (N)

N= sample size

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14
Q

What does T equal if N > 19?

A

2

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15
Q

What are the equations for the upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit?

A

UCL = mean + t(2-sided, alpha 0.05) (SE)

LCL = mean - T(2 sided, alpha = 0.05) (SE)

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16
Q

Give an example of a reason to take multiple measurements and use stats for measurements

A

One measurement may have been taken during abnormal air circulation (IE window open) which will cause it to be an outlier

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17
Q

Find SE, LCL, and UCL for:
n = 36
u = 20 ppm
std dev = 2.4

A

SE = 0.4
UCL = 20.8
LCL - 19.2

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18
Q

What documents provide the basis for occupational health and safety standards? Who puts them out?

A

NIOSH - criteria documents

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19
Q

Describe what the criteria documents usually contain

A

Review of scientific and technical knowledge on:

1) prevalence of hazards
2) existing health and safety risks
3) adequacy of control measures

Also show: how to measure, toxicology information, and RELS

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20
Q

True or False: Threshold limit values are the same as the threshold on a dose/response graph

A

False

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21
Q

Who created the TLV?

A

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists- ACGIH

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22
Q

How often are the TLVs updated?

A

annually with notification of change

23
Q

What do the TLVs indicate?

A

airborne concentrations of chemicals that cause no adverse effects to almost all workers

24
Q

Is the TLV a regulatory standard?

A

no- professional standard

25
Q

What is the time weighted average?

A

TWA- concentration of a chemical averaged over an 8-hour work day that workers can be exposed day after day over the course of a lifetime without adverse effect

26
Q

What is the equation for TWA?

A

(T1C1+T2C2+TnCn) / 8

27
Q

What is STEL?

A

Short term Exposure Limit- maximum concentration that an employee can be exposed to for 15 minutes

Many substances list TWA and STEL

28
Q

What is the ceiling limit?

A

Concentration that should never be exceeded

29
Q

What are some notations that TLVs contain?

A

Skin and cancer notations

30
Q

What is the industrial hygiene process?

A

See slide

Hazard Assessment (Anticipate and Recognize)–> Exposure Risk assessment (evaluate) –> exposure management (Control)

31
Q

Describe the hierarchy of OELs

A

Bottom to top (less data to more toxicological and epidemiological data)

1) Hazard Banding
2) Prescriptive OELs
3) Working OELs
4) Health based OELs (TLVs)
5) Quantitative based OELS (reguations- PEL and some NIOSH RELS)

32
Q

Describe the quantitative based OELS

A
  • best
  • shown to decrease disease
  • can be used for regulation
  • some NIOSH RELs fit here, as well as OSHA PELs
33
Q

Describe Health based OELS

A
  • toxicology and epi data available
  • protect most workers
  • TLVs
34
Q

Describe working or provisional OELs

A
  • company or “in-house” limits
35
Q

Describe perscriptive or process based OEL limits

A

aimed to reach no effect level

36
Q

What is the least studied OEL used for chemicals?

A

hazard/ control banding

37
Q

Describe hazard banding.

A
  • Do not yet have a lot of data, but can compare to other chemicals.
  • developed by pharma
  • decision matrix with red, yellow, green based on hazards
38
Q

Describe control banding

A

chart that looks at risk and exposure levels and shows corresponding controls. Use when you don’t have data, but want to do your best to control

39
Q

What tools can you use to compare injury and illness rates to other similar organizations in your industry?

A
  • Bureau of labor statistics (BLS)

- North American Industrial Classification COde

40
Q

How do you calculate the incidence of injury / illness at your facility?

A

N/ EH * 200,000

N= # of injuries or illness
EH - number of hours worked by ALL employees in calendar year
200,000 - base for number of hours worked by 100 employees in a calendar year

41
Q

What is worker compensation?

A

% of wages, medical, and death benefits paid by company for injury / death/ illness that prevents lawsuits (can only sue in case of negligence)

42
Q

What are considerations with air sampling?

A
  • what employees to sample
  • how long sampling interval should be for measurement
  • how many samples should be taken in a workday
  • periods of exposure that should be sampled throughout the workday
  • number of workdays per year for sampling and when?
  • time to the result
43
Q

What are considerations with sampling regarding the time to result?

A
  • Do you need the measurement right away? Then do a direct reading in real time. Better for acute
  • chronic/ do not need lab results right away? sampling media + 2 week lab time, more precise results
44
Q

What employee or employees should be sampled?

A
  • maximum risk group

- use exposure risk/ heath risk priority matrix

45
Q

Who should you sample if you cannot determine the maximum risk group?

A

random sampling of a group of workers

46
Q

What is the goal of selecting a random group to sample?

A

need a subgroup large enough that there is a high probability that the random sample will contain 1 worker with high exposure

47
Q

What tool can be used to determine the sample size?

A

NIOSH Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategies Manual

48
Q

How does the NIOSH Occupational Exposure Sampling Strategies Manual Work?

A
  • 90% confidence interval, tells how many samples (or workers to test) from original group size (or number of employees).
  • 90% confident that you will have at least 1 person with the highest 10% exposure
  • also a 10% chance that you may miss someone with highest 10% of exposure
49
Q

how many workdays during the year should be sampled and when?

A

Depends on OSHA regulations - substance specific. Some substances have specific intervals dependent on exposure level to the PEL

50
Q

What is an example of a substance that has very specific details on the number of workdays during the year for samples and when?

A

Lead

51
Q

Describe a normal distribution

A

function that shows the probability that a number will fall between two values, which could be - to + infiniti

bell curve

mean=median=mode
standard deviation

52
Q

What are the differences between normal distribution and log normal distribution?

A
  • lognormal can only be above 0, normal can have any value, even -
  • lognormal- geometric mean, geometric deviation. Normal - arithmetic mean, arithmetic std deviation
  • IH data best defined by log normal
53
Q

What is log-normal distribution?

A

logarithms (base e or base 10) of data are normally distributed

Note: takes data with a skew and makes it normal

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

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