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Industrial Hygiene > Evaluation of Airborne Hazards in the Workplace > Flashcards

Evaluation of Airborne Hazards in the Workplace Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a grab sample and an integrated sample?

A

Grab sample - one time sample

Integrated sample - samples taken over a period of time (more usual since we compare to TWA)

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2
Q

What is time weighted average

A

concentration of airborne hazard present during 8 hours

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3
Q

Why are TWAs important?

A

Exposure may not be consistent throughout the day

Someone could be moving around, not near the hazard

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4
Q

How have trends changed in terms of sampling devices?

A

Used to sample only, now sample and analyze

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5
Q

What do sampling devices typically measure? what units?

A

concentration (how much dust per volume) in mg/ m3 or ug/ m3

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6
Q

What is the difference between velocity and fowrate?

A

Velocity measures how fast air moves

Flowrate - volume that moves expressed over time (CFM)

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7
Q

What is the equation for TWA?

A

(C1T1+C2T2+CnTn) / 8

C = concentration
T = time
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8
Q

What should you refer to for proper sampling techniques?

A

NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM)

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9
Q

What is the sampling “train”

A

Inlet –> collector and meter –> outlet

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10
Q

Describe personal sampling

A
  • needs to be as close to the breathing zone as possible
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11
Q

Which is better for determining the concentration that a worker is getting - air sample or personal sample

A

personal sample

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12
Q

How does air sampling work?

A

place a monitor somewhere in room and it sits there

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13
Q

What are considerations when sampling?

A
  • Is sample representative
  • how many samples?
  • who to sample
  • when to sample
  • efficiency
  • stability
  • safety
  • field ease
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14
Q

Describe the set up of the filter cassette

A

specialized cassettes (collect a specific aerosol or dust, ie asbestos). Connected to tubing and a pump with medium flow rate sampling pump (2LPM)

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15
Q

How do you determine the concentration of the substance with a filter?

A

Weight the filter before and after sampling

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16
Q

What is the benefit of contour maps?

A
  • good for area samples

- look at highest concentrations in an area to establish the main sources

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17
Q

Describe the direct reading aerosol samplers?

A

track dust - PM1, PM2.5, PM10, respirable, total PM size fractions

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18
Q

What is PBZ?

A

Personal breathing zone

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19
Q

What are cyclones used to measure?

A

Aerosol sizing

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20
Q

What is the most common analysis for aerosols?

A

Gravimetric (weigh filter before and weigh filter after)

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21
Q

What types of aerosol analysis can be used?

A
  • gravimetric
  • chemical analysis
  • Microscopy
  • Culture
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22
Q

What would microscopic aerosol analysis be used to measure?

A

Asbestos, microorganisms

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23
Q

What are some example of microbiological analysis?

A
  • PCR
  • Fluorescence
  • ELISA
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24
Q

What should you test for in confined spaces?

A

Gas sampling

  • oxygen deficiency
  • % LEL
  • Specific gases (CO, O3, H2S)
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25
Q

When should you sample confined spaces?

A

Before entering

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26
Q

What can charcoal tubes be used to sample?

A

vapors- like benzene

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27
Q

What equipment is used for aerosol sampling?

A

1) Personal Sampling Pump (medium flowrate)
2) Filter Cassettes
3) Cyclones (for aerosol sizing)
4) Direct Reading Aerosol Samplers (like the DustTrak)

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28
Q

How do you test for aerosols in ducts?

A
  • Isokinetic sampling?

- Biosampler, like Anderson Biosampler

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29
Q

What equipment can be used for gas sampling?

A
  • Sampling pump (low flowrate)
  • charcoal tubes- different tubes for different substance
  • direct reading instruments
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30
Q

What labs should be used for analysis?

A

Labs credentialed by the AIHA

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31
Q

What analysis is used for metals?

A

Atomic absorption

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32
Q

What analysis is used for organics?

A

Gas chromatography

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33
Q

What are the different types of lab analysis?

A
  • atomic absorption
  • gas chromatography
  • electron microscopy
  • mass spectroscopy
  • Photometry
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34
Q

How can you calibrate a direct reading sampler

A

Zero gas or zero aerosol

Known gas concentration

35
Q

What way does the air move between the calibrator to the pump?

A

From calibrator, through filter cassette, to the pump or calibrator to cyclone to pump

36
Q

Inhalable?

A

aerosols that can be inhaled (<100 um)

37
Q

Respirable?

A

aerosols that can enter the pulmonary region (<10 um)

38
Q

Thoracic?

A

aerosols that can enter the tracheobronchi region- <40 um

39
Q

TWA

A

Time weighted average (concentration maximum averaged over 8 hours)

40
Q

STEL

A

Short term exposure limit (concentration limit for 15 minutes)

41
Q

REL

A

Recommended exposure limit- determined by NIOSH

42
Q

PEL

A

Permissible exposure limit- legally binding by OSHA

43
Q

TLV

A

Threshold limit value- ACGIH stanard

44
Q

NMAM

A

Niosh manual for analytical methods

45
Q

What are the parts of a sampling pump?

A

Inlet - pulls air in

Outlet - pushes air out

46
Q

What mode are most pumps used in?

A

Suction mode

47
Q

What pumps run on an alternating current and require an electrical outlet?

A

high flowrate pumps

48
Q

What is the most common pump used in industrial hygiene?

A

Personal air sampling pump

49
Q

What current do personal air sampling pumps run off of?

A

DC- direct current, use rechargeable batteries which take 8-16 hours to charge

50
Q

Are personal sampling pumps safe to use in explosive environments?

A

Yes- totally enclosed and spark free

51
Q

What is the most common medium and analysis for aerosol sampling?

A

Filters and gravimetric

52
Q

How does gravimetric analysis of a filter work?

A

Weigh the filter before and after and the difference in weight is the weight of the aerosol. Net weight/ air volume gives the concentration.

53
Q

What must be constant at both gravimetric weighings?

A

relative humidity

54
Q

FIlters that are already weighed

A

matched weight filters

55
Q

How does gravimetric analysis of pre-weighed filters work?

A

Measure difference in weight between used filter and blank filter directly from same box

56
Q

What resource specifies the type of filter to use for each aerosol?

A

NMAM

57
Q

What are the filters held in?

A

Filter cassettes

58
Q

Why is there a backup filter in the filter cassette?

A

to prevent destruction by movement of air

59
Q

How do you minimize sample lises?

A

Make sure the cassette is well sealed

60
Q

What are the types of cassettes?

A

closed face- very small opening (minimizes loss of sample)

open face- large opening

61
Q

Which cassette type is required for microbiological analysis?

A

open faced

62
Q

What is the equation for flowrate?

A

Flowrate = volume/ time

63
Q

What devices measure flowrate?

A

Flowrate meters

64
Q

What are the simple/ more complext flowrate meters called?

A

primary- simple

secondary- more complex (only secondary if it holds a calibration well)

65
Q

What is the concern with more complex flowmeters?

A

they do not hold calibration well

66
Q

Describe the relatioship between the flowmeter and the pump

A

Some flowmeters built into the pump while others are put in the sampling train upstream from the pump

67
Q

Describe the sampling train for a flowmeter

A

air enters –> collector –> flowrate meter –> pump –> air exits

68
Q

Describe the calibration train

A

air enters calibrator –> collector –> flowrate meter –> pump –> air exits

69
Q

How close a measurement is to the true value

A

accuracy

70
Q

What is the calculation for % error. what does it help to measure

A

(Calibraory avg reading (LPM) - Device Avg reading) / calibratory avg reading * 100

Helps to measre accuracy

71
Q

What is the calculation for estimate of accuracy?

A

100% - % error

Need to calculate the % error first

72
Q

indicates how close replicate values are to each other

A

precision

73
Q

What equation is used to measure precision?

A

RSD- relative standard deviation

74
Q

How do you determine from the RSD if the reading is precise?

A

The lower the RSD, the more precise the measurements

75
Q

What is the equation for the RSD?

A

Standard Deviation/ mean

76
Q

What is the difference between replicability and reproducibility?

A

replicability- within analyst’ RSD (ie 4 students repeat the same measurement)

Reproducibility- among laboratories’ RSD

77
Q

What is the TWA for:

8AM -10 AM : 3 mg/m3
10AM - 4PM : 2mg/ m3

A

((3mg / m3* 2 hrs) + (2 mg/ m3*6 hrs)) / 8 hrs= 2.25 mg/ m3

78
Q

How do detector tubes/ charcoal tubes work? What type of analysis?

A

Have granules that absorb gas (use arrow to make sure air is moving the correct way)

Connect tye to black filter side (sucks the air through)

Break tips before- when done, cap

Ship to the lab- analytical

79
Q

Are you supposed to weigh the support pad with the filter?

A

No

80
Q

What is the sample train between the filter and support pad?

A

Air is sucking so inlet –> filter pad –> support pad –> outlet

81
Q

What is the purpose of the cyclones?

A

It removes all aerosols that are larger than respirable size

82
Q

What calibration do you use for particle counters?

A

zero calibration

83
Q

What is the particle counter that we have in the lab?

A

Dustrak

84
Q

How can you prevent impact of relative humidity in gravimetric analysis?

A

Let the filters sit 24 hours before weighing before sampling and 1 hour after sampling

Industrial Hygiene (12 decks)

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