Non-Western and Islamic Worlds Flashcards
The Buddha
Siddartha Gautama
Life of Siddhartha Gautama
c. 563 - 483 B.C.
Life of Confucius
c. 551 - 479 B.C.
Other Names of Confucius
Kongzi or K’ung Fu Tzu
Life of Muhammad
c. A.D. 570 - 632
The Hegira (Date)
A.D. 622
Year 1 of the Islamic Calendar
The Hegira
Another Name for the Hegira
Hijra
Beginning of the Division Leading to Sunni and Shiah sects (Date)
c. A.D. 632 - 661
Number of Muslims worldwide
Roughly 1 billion (about 4x the population of the U.S.)
Meaning of Islam
“Submission”
Geographical location for the birth of Islam
Arabian Peninsula
True or False: Islam is a united, monolithic entity
False
True or False: Large Muslim countries are in the 10/40 window
True
Which traditions guide the Muslim community since the death of Muhammad?
The hadith, the Sunnah, and the Shariah
Hadith
Report(s) of the words and deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims; the authentic haddith are considered to embody Muhammad’s Sunnah
Sunnah (may appear as Sunna)
Established custom, typically based on Muhammad’s example
Shariah
Ideal Islamic law
Describe Islam’s split
It began with disagreement over Muhammad’s successor. Sunnis upheld the principle that the caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community whereas Shiites believed only Muhammad’s descendants/kinsmen could lead
The majority party in Islam
Sunni
Muslim sect identified with Muhammad’s cousin/son-in-law Ali
Shiah
True or False: Shiite Muslims saw Ali as possessing a spiritual endowment directly from Muhammad
True
4th Caliph
Ali
Shrine in Mecca
Kabba
True or False: Muhammad was not involved in caravan trade
False
True or False: Muhammad obtained enough capital to become indpendently wealthy [of his wealthy wife Khadija]
True
Muhammad’s vision
He supposedly saw the angel Gabriel and heard a voice telling him he’s the “Messenger of God”
The Hegira (Hijra)
Muhammad’s travel [from Mecca to Yatrib (changed the name to Medina) to escape assassination plots]; the starting year for the Muslim calendar
Events in Muhammad’s march on Mecca
Destroyed the pagan idols in the Kabba and rededicated it to Islam
First Caliph
Abu Bakr
True or False: Abu Bakr launched wars that would dramatically expand the Islamic world
True
The term for the leader (successor) of the Islamic community
Caliph
4th Caliph
Ali
Caliphate
Territory controlled by the caliph
Explain the Rise of the Umayyad (Omayyad) Muslim dynasty
Ali was challenged by the Syrian governor Muawiya and eventually killed, allowing his rival to seize power. The caliphate remained in the hands of Muawiya’s family and they became known as the Umayyads.
The dynasty which moved the Islamic capital from Damascus to Baghdad
The Abbasid Muslim Dynasty
Where the Abbasids moved the Islamic capital from and to where they moved it
From Damascus to Baghdad
True or False: The Mongols never invaded Muslim lands
False
True or False: No Mongols ever converted to Islam
False; some did
Meaning of “Quran”
“Recite”; refers to the “reciting” of the revelations to Muhammad
How do Muslims view the Quran
They see it as the final revelation from God (given by the angel Gabriel to Muhammad) and as the revealed will of God which corrects and supersedes other revelations
When was the Quran codified (event)?
After Muhammad’s death
Meaning of “Jihad”
“Struggle”
The two senses of jihad (with their classifications as greater and lesser)
- Greater sense: individual battle against sin
- Lesser sense: a holy war
True or False: There will be variations in Muslim beliefgs given the social/legal climate
True
Amount of wives permitted in Islam
Up to 4
Muslim view of Jesus (particularly his death)
He did not die on the cross; rather he was protected from crucifixion and a substitute took his place
The Umayyads moved the Islamic capital from __ to __
Medina to Damascus
