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H211 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Location of Mesopotamia

A

Present-day Iraq and Syria

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2
Q

The “Cradle of Civilization”

A

Mesopotamia

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3
Q

Civilization

A

A culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban life

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4
Q

Mesopotamian city-state

A

Ur

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5
Q

Built the world’s first substantial empire

A

Sargon I

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6
Q

City prominent under Hammurabi

A

Babylon

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7
Q

Hammurabi best known for his ____ ____

A

law code

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8
Q

One of the longest-lasting civilizations in history

A

Egypt

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9
Q

The artifact used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics

A

Rosetta Stone

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10
Q

Age of pyramids reaches zenith

A

Old Kingdom Period

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11
Q

Location where the age of pyramids was at its zenith

A

Giza

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12
Q

Israel’s divided kingdom

A

Israel and Judah

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13
Q

Conquered Israel (the Northern tribes)

A

Assyrians

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14
Q

Conquered Judah (the Southern kingdom)

A

Babylon

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15
Q

People group alleged to be an example of error in the Bible

A

Hittites

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16
Q

True or False: When archaeology verified Biblical references to the Hittites, historians practiced revisionism

A

True

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17
Q

The Mediterranean’s greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, and colonizers

A

Phoenicians

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18
Q

Dominated camel caravan trade

A

Arameans

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19
Q

Militaristic and cruel people

A

Assyrians

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20
Q

Babylonians aka

A

Chaldeans

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21
Q

One of the “greatest conquerors in the history of the ancient near east”

A

Cyrus the Great

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22
Q

The Epic of Gilgamesh written ___ Genesis

A

before

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23
Q

Rule by a monarch, king or queen; may involve a royal family

A

Monarchy

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24
Q

Geographical influences of Greece

A

Mountains & sea

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25
Q

Location of the Minoan civilization

A

Island of Crete

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26
Q

True or False: The Minoans did not have prosperous trade

A

False

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27
Q

Precipitated the Greek Dark Ages

A

A Dorian invasion

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28
Q

Where the Greeks defeated an invading Persian army in the Persian Wars

A

Marathon

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29
Q

A commercial & sea-faring Greek community

A

Athens

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30
Q

Greek city-state similar to modern totalitarian states

A

Sparta

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31
Q

“Winner” of the Peloponnesian War

A

Sparta

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32
Q

True or False: Truces were called during the Olympic Games

A

True

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33
Q

Original participants in the Olympic Games (men/women/children)

A

Men only

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34
Q

Hellenistic Age

A

Era in which Greek culture would be spread eastward

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35
Q

Greek beliefs moved from ___ to ___

A

mythology to philosophy

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36
Q

Founded the Academy

A

Plato

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37
Q

Purpose of the Academy

A

To train the Athenian ruling class

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38
Q

Associated with elements of both deductive and inductive reducing

A

Aristotle

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39
Q

Transitions of Roman political life

A

Republic to dictatorship to empire

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40
Q

Roman council of nobles

A

Senate

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41
Q

Tore apart the Roman Republic

A

Internal dissension

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42
Q

Enacted military changes in Rome

A

Gaius Marius

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43
Q

Responsible for the death/enslavement of over 1 million people

A

Julius Caesar

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44
Q

2nd triumvirate (after Julius Caesar’s death)

A

Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus

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45
Q

True or False: Augustus had legislation against adultery

A

True

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46
Q

Pax Romana

A

The Roman Peace

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47
Q

Tetrarchy

A

A sharing of power among four rulers

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48
Q

Location of Constantine’s victory [against Maxentius]

A

Milvian Bridge

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49
Q

Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to ___

A

Byzantium

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50
Q

Destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple [A.D. 70]

A

Titus

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51
Q

True or False: The Roman Empire fell in the East

A

False; it fell only in the West. The Eastern half lived on

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52
Q

True or False: There were multiple reasons for the Roman Empire’s fall

A

True

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53
Q

The first (or earliest) [time period of world history] is called the ___ World/Era.

A

premodern

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54
Q

The second (or middle designation) [of world history] is called the ___ World/Era.

A

modern

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55
Q

The third (or last/current) [time period of world history] is called the ___ World/Era.

A

postmodern

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56
Q

The first (or earliest) Era could be characteized by a ___ view of time/history.

A

cyclical

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57
Q

The second (or middle designation) Era could be characterized by the term ___.

A

progress

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58
Q

The third (or last/current) Era could be characterized by its acceptance of ___ instead of absolutes.

A

relativism

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59
Q

In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[1] A ___ view of time/history

A

linear

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60
Q

In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[2] An identification that history unfolds according to God’s ___

A

sovereignty

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61
Q

In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[3] An acknowledgement that man is not improving himself but in need of ___.

A

redemption

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62
Q

In contrast to a secular philosophy of history, a Biblical philosophy of history would encompass these elements:
[4] A recognition that ___ exists

A

truth

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63
Q

True or False: Barbarians sometimes fought against themselves and sometimes against Rome

A

True

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64
Q

[18th century belief] asserting that Jesus never lived but was invented

A

Christ-myth School

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65
Q

Pagan source attesting to the historicity of Jesus

A

“Roman Annals” by Cornelius Tacitus

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66
Q

Reason for Roman persecution of Christians

A

Viewed as disloyal subjects of the Empire
Their lifestyle sharply contrasted Roman culture (Christians refused to go to the arena, theaters, or public baths)

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67
Q

Granted full religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire

A

Edict of Milan

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68
Q

Sought to defend or explain Christianity

A

Apologists

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69
Q

Attacked heretical ideas

A

Polemicists

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70
Q

Attended Council of Nicaea

A

Constantine & church bishops

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71
Q

Number of positions regarding Jesus’ essence presented at Nicaea

A

3

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72
Q

[The Biblical (and Athanasian) view of Jesus’ essence]

A

Jesus has the same essence as the Father

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73
Q

Translated the Bible into Latin

A

Jerome

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74
Q

The Latin translation of the Bible

A

The Vulgate

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75
Q

The authorized Catholic Bible

A

Vulgate

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76
Q

Developed a Christian Philosophy of History

A

Augustine

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77
Q

Championed the Whole Tenor Principle

A

Augustine

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78
Q

Muslim empire of the Turks to ultimately capture Constantinople

A

Ottoman Empire

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79
Q

True or False: Constantinople was poorly located

A

False; It was strategically located for commercial purposes and political influence

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80
Q

Icons

A

Religious images used to foster worship

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81
Q

Iconoclasts

A

People who tried to destroy all icons

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82
Q

True or False: The Eastern Orthodox church allows the veneration of icons

A

True (as of A.D. 843)

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83
Q

Reason’s for the Byzantine Empire’s Endurance

A
  1. Possessed a money economy
  2. Possessed advanced military science
  3. Had a centralized administration
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84
Q

Brought an upsurge in the papacy’s rise/position/authority

A

Barbarian invasions

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85
Q

[Theological] bases for the pope’s claim of supreme authority

A
  1. Petrine Theory
  2. Apostolic Succession
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86
Q

Did Petrine Theory and Apostolic Succession coalesce quickly or slowly?

A

Slowly

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87
Q

True or False: The NT mentions Peter serving as Bishop of Rome

A

False; it’s legend

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88
Q

Another name for Gregory the Great

A

Pope Gregory I

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89
Q

Individual who gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of purgatory

A

Gregory I

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90
Q

Purgatory

A

A place in which are detained the souls of those [suffering] for debt for sin unpaid; it’s necessary because the person has not made complete satisfaction for sins.

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91
Q

3 of the 7 Sacraments

A

Holy Eucharist
Holy Orders
Extreme Unction

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92
Q

The heart of the Mass service

A

Holy Eucharist

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93
Q

Transubstantiation

A

At the priest’s words, the elements of [eucharist] actually become the body and blood of Christ

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94
Q

Holy Orders

A

aka Ordination
Priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop

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95
Q

Extreme Unction

A

aka Last Rites
Given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins

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96
Q

Buddhism

A

Has no gods, but is based on Four Noble Truths

97
Q

Hinduism

A

Possesses a type of henotheistic trinity, but has thousands of other deities

98
Q

Henotheism

A

Many gods, but one main god

99
Q

Confucianism

A

May be described as “Rational Humanism”

100
Q

Taoism

A

aka Daoism
May be described as “Intuitive Mysticism”

101
Q

Mencius

A

[A Confucian who added] new dimensions to Confucian thought [in the areas of] human nature & government

102
Q

Legalism [a Chinese philosophy]

A

Embraces a pragmatic approach

103
Q

Pragmatism

A

Practical as opposed to ideal

104
Q

True or False: Islam is a united entity

A

False

105
Q

Traditions that guide the Islamic community since Muhammad’s death

A

Hadith, Sunnah, and Sharia

106
Q

Hadith

A

Report(s) [of the words & deeds of Muhammad and other early Muslims]

107
Q

Sunnah

A

Established [Islamic] custom

108
Q

Shariah

A

Ideal Islamic law

109
Q

Explain Islam’s split

A

Began with disagreement over Muhammad’s sucessor. Sunnis upheld the principle that the caliph (leader) owed his position to the consent of the Islamic community. Shiites believed only Muhammad’s descendants/kinsmen could lead.

110
Q

Kabba

A

Shrine in Mecca

111
Q

The Hegira (or Hijra)

A

[Muhammad’s] “migration”; the starting year for the Muslim calendar

112
Q

Quran

A

“Recite”; refers to the reciting of the revelations to Muhammad. Muslims view it as the final revelation from God

113
Q

True or False: Muslim beliefs vary given the social/legal climate

A

True

114
Q

Number of wives permitted in Islam

A

Up to 4

115
Q

Muslim view of Jesus

A

He did not die on the cross but was protected from crucifixion

116
Q

Became the College of Cardinals

A

Curia

117
Q

Created to select a pope

A

Curia/College of Cardinals

118
Q

Primogeniture

A

The right of an eldest son to succeed to the estate of his father at the exclusion of all his siblings

119
Q

Simony

A

The buying and selling of spiritual or church benefits

120
Q

Established his rule over much of the former Roman Empie in Europe

A

Charlemagne

121
Q

Made their home in Scandinavia

A

Vikings/Norsemen

122
Q

Medieval political relationship

A

Feudalism

123
Q

Granted land (fief) to a vassal

A

Lord

124
Q

Ensured law/order on the fief

A

Vassal

125
Q

Medieval economic relationship

A

Manorialism

126
Q

System in which serfs lived on the lord’s manor

A

Manorialism

127
Q

Geographical location of the Holy Roman Empire

A

German States and Northern Italy

128
Q

Became King of England [after the Battle of Hastings]

A

William the Conqueror

129
Q

True or False: William the Conqueror was a ruler in France & England

A

True

130
Q

True or False: Simony and Primogeniture have no relation to the Investiture Struggle

A

False

131
Q

Crusaders were motivated by ___ ___ __ ___ ___

A

the desire to earn salvation

132
Q

[Ecclesiastical] result of the Crusades

A

Increased conflict between the Eastern and Western churches

133
Q

Indulgence

A

Is partial or plenary according as it removes either part or all of the temporal punishment due to sin

134
Q

The most powerful pope

A

Pope Innocent III

135
Q

Implied that the law is above the king

A

The Magna Carta

136
Q

The Black Death

A

A combination of bubonic & pneumonic plagues

137
Q

True or False: The plague happened in one huge sweep

A

False; it was episodic

138
Q

Cause of the plague

A

A bacterium

139
Q

The Great Western Schism

A

Two popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon

140
Q

The Conciliar Movement

A

A universal council representing the entire church

141
Q

True or False: The Conciliar Movement eventually ended the Catholic multi-pope dilemma

A

True

142
Q

Established England & France as clearly distinct nations

A

The Hundred Years’ War

143
Q

Won the War of the Roses

A

Henry Tudor

144
Q

The Reconquista

A

“Re-conquest”
A “crusade” designed to oust Muslims who had invaded Spain

145
Q

Renaissance

A

French word meaning “rebirth”

146
Q

True or False: The Renaissance stayed in Northern Italy; it did not move across the Alps

A

False

147
Q

Aspects of the Renaissance

A

Humanism
Secularism
Individualism

148
Q

How the arts were sponsored in the Renaissance (patronage)

A

Italian leaders possessed disposable income

149
Q

Cultural centre/heart of Renaissance life

A

Florence (aka Firenze)

150
Q

What is a Renaissance man?

A

A multi-talented individual

151
Q

The Renaissance man (individual)

A

Leonardo da Vinci

152
Q

Dutch scholar; the Prince of Humanists

A

Desiderius Erasmus

153
Q

Wrote The Prince

A

Niccolo Machiavelli

154
Q

Painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling

A

Michelangelo

155
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas (date)

A

1494

156
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

Agreement to divide the Americas. It drew a vertical line of demarcation, giving Spain the rights all the land west of the line and Portugal all the rights to the land east of the line

157
Q

Conquered the Aztecs

A

Hernan Cortes

158
Q

Location of the Aztecs

A

Mexico (Mexico City fell to Cortes)

159
Q

Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs (date)

A

1519 - 1521

160
Q

Conquers the Incas

A

Francisco Pizarro

161
Q

Location of the Incas

A

Peru

162
Q

Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru (date)

A

1531 - 1533

163
Q

1st successful/permanent English settlement in N. America

A

Jamestown, Virginia

164
Q

Establishment of 1st successful English settlement in N. America (date)

A

1607

165
Q

True or False: The Mayflower had no pilgrims

A

False

166
Q

The Mayflower landed at ___ ___

A

Plymouth, Massachusetts

167
Q

The Mayflower lands at Plymouth (date)

A

1620

168
Q

Conquistador

A

Spanish for “conqueror”; refers to Spaniards who conquered territory

169
Q

Galleon

A

Large-hulled Spanish ship used to carry cargo

170
Q

Reason for the Exploration of the New World

A

The overland trade route to Asia was hindered by the Ottoman Turks; they desired a sea route

171
Q

Caravel

A

A fast ship with [triangular] sails for sailing into a headwind

172
Q

Motives for exploration into the New World

A

God, Greed, & Glory

173
Q

Sailed around Africa, then continued on to India & returned

A

Vasco da Gama

174
Q

Genoese sailor who convinced Queen Isabella of Castille to support him

A

Christopher Columbus

175
Q

True or False: For the rest of his life Columbus believed that he had landed in Asia

A

True

176
Q

His crew returned to Spain after circumnavigating the globe

A

[Ferdinand] Magellan

177
Q

The sole purpose of the Spanish settlements in the New World

A

To bolster the Spanish economy

178
Q

Oldest city in the U.S.

A

St. Augustine

179
Q

True or False: Spain developed a convoy system (using guard ships & galleons) to make the[ir] voyage safer

A

True

180
Q

True or False: Many French people moved to North America

A

False; few moved, and many of those who did eventually left

181
Q

Cash crop of Jamestown

A

Tobacco

182
Q

Another name for the Pilgrims

A

Separatists

183
Q

Settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

Puritans

184
Q

Searched for a Northwest Passage

A

Henry Hudson

185
Q

True or False: Native cultures were upheld in the European Expansion

A

False; they were undermined

186
Q

The Columbian Exchange

A

The exchange of Old & New World plants, animals, and diseases

187
Q

Events bookmarking the era of the Reformation

A

95 Theses to the Thirty Years’ War

188
Q

Era of the Protestant Reformation (date)

A

1517 - 1648

189
Q

Ulrich Zwingli launches the Reformation in Zurich

A

1519

190
Q

First supreme head (on earth) of the Church of England (Anglican Church)

A

Henry VIII

191
Q

Henry VIII confirmed as supreme head of the Church of England (date)

A

1534

192
Q

Council of Trent & the Counter-Reformation (date)

A

1545 - 1563

193
Q

Event when TULIP was formed

A

Synod of Dort

194
Q

Synod of Dort (date)

A

1618 - 1619

195
Q

Another name for Desiderius Erasmus

A

Erasmus of Rotterdam

196
Q

Regarded as “the scholar” of Europe

A

Erasmus of Rotterdam

197
Q

Exposed the abuses in the Catholic church by denouncing the ignorance/idleness of the monks

A

Erasmus of Rotterdam

198
Q

Causes of the Reformation

A

Corruption in the Catholic church
Monarchs/rulers politically strong enough to challenge church power
The popularity of mysticism
A new intellectual climate

199
Q

Issued a plenary indulgence to raise funds for the completion of St. Peter’s Basilica

A

Leo X

200
Q

The immediate cause of the Reformation

A

John Tetzel began indulgence sales in German lands

201
Q

95 Theses

A

Academic points for scholarly debate

202
Q

True or False: Luther defended some of Huss’ views

A

True

203
Q

Luther was a subject of ___ __ ___

A

Frederick the Wise

204
Q

Where Luther was condemned as a heretic & outlaw

A

Diet of Worms

205
Q

How Luther was saved from arrest & death after the Diet of Worms

A

He was “kidnapped” by representatives of Frederick and taken to the Wartburg Castle

206
Q

Translated the Greek New Testament into German

A

Martin Luther; done while hidden away in the Wartburg Castle

207
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

Act of the English Parliament which made the king supreme head of the Church of England

208
Q

Society of Jesus

A

Jesuits

209
Q

Founded the Jesuits

A

Ignatius Loyola

210
Q

Took a vow expressing special loyalty to the pope

A

Ignatius Loyola

211
Q

The three tasks Ignatius Loyola focused on

A

Education
Winning back areas from Protestantism
Foreign missions

212
Q

[Henry VIII’s wife,] executed for adultery

A

Anne Boleyn

213
Q

Devout Catholic [monarch] who tried to lead England back to Rome

A

Mary I

214
Q

English king under whom policy shifted abruptly in a Protestant direction

A

Edward VI

215
Q

The Protestant movement brought its followers back to three basic principles of biblical Christianity, which are:

A

The Bible as the sole authority (sola Scriptura, Scripture alone)
Justification by faith alone
Priesthood of all believers

216
Q

The 4 Major ecclesiastical streams of the Reformation

A

Lutheran
Anglican
Reformed
Anabaptist

217
Q

Geographical distribution of the Reformation

A

Northern Europe became predominantly Protestant while Southern Europe remained predominantly Catholic

218
Q

True or False: Under Henry VIII the Anglican Church had much doctrinal change

A

False

219
Q

The Reformed theologians/leaders

A

Ulrich Zwingli
John Knox
John Calvin

[Zwingli Knox Calvin (on the head ;>)]

220
Q

Led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland

A

Ulrich Zwingli

221
Q

Led the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland

A

John Calvin

222
Q

Referred to as the systematizer of the Reformation

A

John Calvin

223
Q

Led the Reformation in Scotland

A

John Knox

224
Q

Event at which Arminianism was unanimously rejected

A

Synod of Dort

225
Q

TULIP; the 5 points of Calvinism

A

Total Depravity
Unconditional Election
Limited Atonement
Irresistible Grace
Perseverance of the Saints

226
Q

True or False: The Anabaptists were a single coherent group

A

False; no one person tied the movement together

227
Q

Constituted the “radical reformation”

A

Anabaptists

228
Q

Catholic council to reject the Protestant view of Scripture alone

A

The Council of Trent

229
Q

Mariolatry

A

The veneration of Mary; outright worship of Mary

230
Q

Veneration

A

Reverential respect & awe, admiring deference

231
Q

[Principal] component of Mariolatry

A

Immaculate Conception

232
Q

Immaculate Conception

A

The belief that Mary was conceived without sin (free of original sin)

233
Q

Victor in the Revolt of the Netherlands

A

Netherlands

234
Q

Combatants in the Revolt of the Netherlands

A

Spain and the Netherlands

235
Q

Edict to end the French Wars of Religion

A

Edict of Nantes

236
Q

The Thirty Years’ War

A

A series of conflicts with religious, dynastic, and territorial concerns

237
Q

The Defenestration of Prague

A

Prague Protestants threw two ministers & their secretary out of a window; during the 30 Years’ War

238
Q

Ended the Holy Roman Empire [& the 30 Years’ War]

A

The Peace of Westphalia

H211 (11 decks)

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