Non Specific Immune Defenses

Question 1

Non specific immune defenses

Answer 1

does not stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies

affects all microorganisms the same way

Question 2

1st line of defense (3)

Answer 2

1. structural
2. mechanical
3. biochemical

Question 3

structural defense

Answer 3

skin

mucous membreanes

Question 4

mechanical defense

Answer 4

mucociliary defense
force of urine
tears
sneezing, coughing, talking and sneezing

Question 5

biochemical defense

Answer 5

keratin
lysozymes
bile
acids

Question 6

2nd line of defense (6 characteristics)

Answer 6

1. inflammation
2. phagocytosis
3. fever
4. interferon
5. natural killer cells
6. complement system

Question 7

function of inflammation

Answer 7

destroys or removes microbial agents
isolates microbial agents if they can’t be removed
clean up and regenerate host tissue

Question 8

2 stages of inflammation

Answer 8

1. release of inflammatory mediators- indicate site of infection
2. vasodilation of capillaries- increase membrane permeability, dilutes toxins, delivers O2, nutrients and clotting proteins

Question 9

inflammatory mediators

Answer 9

bacterial byproducts
complement fragments
histamine
kinins
mast cells

Question 10

phagocytes

Answer 10

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 11

opsonization

Answer 11

phagocyte coats pathogen with compliment proteins or antibodies to enhance phagocytosis

Question 12

phagocyte activation steps (4)

Answer 12

1. leukocytosis
2. margination
3. emigration
4. phagocytosis

Question 13

leukocytosis

Answer 13

neutrophils form in red bone marrow

Question 14

margination

Answer 14

neutrophils accumulate in capillaries of injured area

Question 15

emigration

Answer 15

diapedesis

neutrophils enter tissues

Question 16

phagocytosis

Answer 16

neutrophils engulf pathogens and debris

destroy pathogen with enzymes

Question 17

fever

Answer 17

hypothalamus responds to pyrogen chemicals in blood

hypothalamus releases prostaglandins to reset body T higher

Question 18

interferon

Answer 18

signal proteins produced by virus infected cells

stimulate healthy cells to produce antiviral proteins

Question 19

natural killer cells

Answer 19

special T lymphocytes
respond before C cytotoxic cells
attack cancer cells, viruses and other cells without MHC self-antigens
release perforins to lyse membranes

Question 20

complement system

Answer 20

large serum proteins
act as inflammatory mediators
form opsonins
form MAC complexes

Question 21

complement systems activation

Answer 21

when large proteins are fragmented into smaller pieces

Question 22

2 complement pathways

Answer 22

classical

alternate

Question 23

classical complement pathway

Answer 23

part of SPECIFIC immune response

recognizes antigen/antibody complex

Question 24

alternate complement pathway

Answer 24

NON SPECIFIC
binds cell wall components on bacterium
does not require antigen/antibody complex

Question 25

interferon types

Answer 25

Alpha, Beta- target virus infected cells

Gamma- antigen binding cells, T cells