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Microbiology > Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Membrane Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

solvent

A

dissolving medium
present in highest quantity
usually water

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2
Q

solute

A

substances dissolved in solvent

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3
Q

solute concentration

A

number of solute molecules in volume of solvent

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4
Q

penetrating solutes

A

move through membrane

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5
Q

non penetrating solutes

A

cannot move through membrane

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6
Q

concentration gradient

A

solute concentration difference on either side of membrane

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7
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion
movement from area of high solute concentration to area of low solute concentration due to kinetic energy of molecules
does not require energy

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8
Q

simple diffusion

A 
small, lipid soluble molecules pass through lipid portion of membrane
ex water (slowly), oxygen, carbon dioxide
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9
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

protein helps it across membrane
small, water soluble molecules (glucose) require membrane carriers
follow gradient
carrier binds molecule and changes shape to move molecule across membrane
(pac man)

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10
Q

osmosis

A 
movement of water across semipermeable membrane
high water (low solute) concentration to low water (high solute) concentration
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11
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

refers to a concentration of non penetrating solutes outside cell

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12
Q

hypotonic

A

solute concentration lower outside cell than inside
water moves into cell
cell enlarges

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13
Q

hypertonic

A

solute concentration higher outside cell than inside
water moves out of cell
cell shrinks

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14
Q

isotonic

A

equal solute concentrations in and out of cell

equal water movement in and out

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15
Q

filtration

A

movement of solutes through membrane along pressure gradient

ex: urine from blood

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16
Q

active transport

A

materials move against concentration gradient from low concentration to high
requires energy and carrier proteins
moves one of more substances in one direction or in opposite directions
ex: sodium/ potassium pump

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17
Q

group translocation

A

bulk transport in bacteria
phosphotransferase systen
requires ATP
cannot move back across membrane

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18
Q

bulk transport

A

active transport in eukaryotes
requires ATP
materials packaged into vesicles that merge with membrane or form from membrane

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19
Q

exocytosis

A

materials directed out of cell

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20
Q

endocytosis

A

materials directed into cell

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21
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulf substances outside cell
bring to inferior
ameoba, microphage

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22
Q

enzyme

A

increase rate of chemical reaction
lower energy of activation
bring reactants close together and properly orient reactants
enzymes are unchanged after reaction

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23
Q

energy of activation

A

amount of energy required for reaction to occur

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24
Q

substrate

A

substance modified by enzyme

25
Q

active site

A

part of enzyme that binds to substrate

26
Q

product

A

result of enzyme reaction

27
Q

allosteric site

A

second binding site away from active site

binds inhibitors or activators

28
Q

5 types of enzyme reactions

A
  1. functional group transfer
  2. electron transfer
  3. rearrangement
  4. dehydration (condensation, synthesis)
  5. hydrolysis reaction (cleavage, decomposition)
29
Q

functional group transfer

A

from 1 molecule to another

ADP + P = ATP

30
Q

electron transfer

A

from 1 compound to another

NADH

31
Q

rearrangement

A

of 1 compound into another

glucose into 2 pyruvates

32
Q

dehydration

A

forms large compounds from small compounds
anabolic
requires energy/ uses ATP
removes water from reaction- forms metabolic water from reactants
glucose + galactose = lactose + water

33
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

splits large compounds into small compounds
catabolic
releases energy/ forms ATP
uses water to form products, adds water to reaction
lactose + water = glucose + galactose

34
Q

enzyme structure

A

globular proteins

35
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein part only

36
Q

cofactor and coenzyme

A

non protein structures required by some enzymes for function

37
Q

cofactor examples

A

ions, iron, zinc, calcium

inorganic molecules

38
Q

coenzyme examples

A 
some vitamins
niacin (NADH)
riboflavin (FADH2)
vitamin C
organic molecules
39
Q

holoenzyme

A

active enzyme

all parts combined

40
Q

induced fit model

A

enzyme active site binds substrate
enzyme/ substrate binding changes shape of active site to exactly fit substrate
orients substrate so bonds can be broken or rearranged

41
Q

enzyme examples

A

maltase, lactase, sucrase, catalase

42
Q

catalase

A

neutralizes free radicals from hydrogen peroxide
antioxidants
production decreases with age
composed of 4 protein subunits

43
Q

free radicals

A

atoms with unpaired elements
generated by chemical reactions, radiation, tobacco smoke, air pollution
may contribute to aging, cause some cancers

44
Q

inhibitors

A

denature enzymes (lose 3D shape of active site)

45
Q

inhibitor examples

A

temperature, pH, Na+

46
Q

temperature inhibitors

A

reaction rate increases with increasing temperature

rate decreases above optimum temperature

47
Q

pH

A

maximum reaction rate at optimum pH
above or below decreases rate- denatures enzyme
stomach- pH 2.0 small intestine- 8.0

48
Q

Na+

A

high or low Na+ in external environment disrupts hydrogen bonds holding 3-D shape

49
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

bind active site with a shape similar to substrate

50
Q

permanent competitive inhibitor

A

binds permanently to active site
inactivates enzyme
antibiotics (penicillin) bind bacterial enzymes

51
Q

temporary competitive inhibitor

A

temporarily binds active site

slows enzyme activity

52
Q

sulfanilamide

A

temporary competitive inhibitor
blocks folic acid synthesis in bacteria
similar to PABA

53
Q

carbon monoxide

A

temporary competitive inhibitor

competes with oxygen for hemoglobin

54
Q

non competitive inhibitors

A

bind allosteric site changing shape of active site

55
Q

temporary non competitive inhibitor

A

temporarily binds allosteric site

56
Q

reaction products

A

temporary non competitive inhibitor
increasing product stops production
decreasing product turns it back on

57
Q

permanent non competitive inhibitor

A

permanently binds allosteric site to inactivate enzyme

ex: cyanide

58
Q

negative feedback

A

excess final product inhibits first enzyme in pathway
product controls own production
prevents excess products or intermediates from accumulating
does not waste substrate when product is not needed
enzyme activity resumes as product level decreases

59
Q

ribozymes

A

non protein enzymes in eukaryotic cells and some viruses
acts as catalyst, has active site, is not used up during reaction
uses RNA as substrate
functions as genetic material and catalytic enzyme

Microbiology (27 decks)

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