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Microbiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

study of cause, development and transmission in the human population

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2
Q

2 approaches to epidemiology

A
  1. retrospective

2. prospective

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3
Q

retrospective epidemiology

A

look back from outbreak to source

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4
Q

John Snow

A

traced cholera outbreak to fecal contamination

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5
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

traced typhus to lice

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6
Q

Semmelweiss

A

traced uterine infection to doctors handling cadavers before delivering babies

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7
Q

prostpective epidemiology

A

try to predict, recognize, prevent or remove conditions before disease can occur

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8
Q

4 disease transmission patterns

A
  1. pandemic
  2. epidemic
  3. endemic
  4. sporadic
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9
Q

pandemic

A

world wide effects, more than one continent

AIDS, flu

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10
Q

epidemic

A

widespread illness with increasing transmission

polio, Chlamydia

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11
Q

endemic

A

illness always present

chicken pox, Lyme disease, Histoplasmosis, cholera

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12
Q

sporadic

A

cases occur occasionally in different locations

tetanus in US

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13
Q

5 stages of disease development

A
  1. incubation
  2. prodromal period
  3. illness
  4. decline
  5. convalensce
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14
Q

incubation

A

time between infection and onset of symptoms

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15
Q

incubation time variables

A
  1. type of pathogen
  2. virulence of agent
  3. inefective dose
  4. health of immune system
  5. infection site
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16
Q

prodromal period

A

onset of mild disease symptoms

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17
Q

illness

A

display of classic symptoms of disease

immune system has not fully responded

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18
Q

decline

A

typical symptoms of disease decrease

pathogen declines

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19
Q

convalescence

A

period of recovery

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20
Q

two patterns of infection

A

acute

chronic

21
Q

3 disease prevention techniques

A
  1. reduce, remove or prevent contact with reservoirs
  2. prevent or reduce transmission of pathogens
  3. immunization of population
22
Q

3 reservoirs

A
  1. humans
  2. animals
  3. non-living
23
Q

zoonosis

A

transmission from animals to humans

24
Q

non living reservoir examples

A

soil, water, milk

25
Q

person to person transmission

A
  1. directly from person to person
  2. indirect by fomites, water, food, air
  3. respiratory droplets- exhales, sneeze, cough
  4. vectors
26
Q

fomites

A

inanimate object that carries disease-causing organisms

27
Q

prevention efforts to prevent person to person transmission

A
  1. hand washing
  2. clean drinking water
  3. clean food
  4. insect control
  5. improved nutrition
    only airborne pathogens are unavoidable
28
Q

two types of immunization

A

active

passive

29
Q

active immunizations

A

antigens stimulate immune syster to produce antibodies and produce memory

30
Q

antigen

A

surface characteristic of agent

31
Q

antibodies

A

produced by immune system against the antigen

32
Q

immunogenic vaccines

A

provide immunity without causing disease

MMR, polio, HiB

33
Q

herd immunity

A

artificially make population immune to disease by reducing the number of susceptible hosts

34
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

live vaccines
the pathogen continues dividing
stimulates the immune system but does not cause disease
long lasting/ lifelong immunity

35
Q

attenuated vaccine disadvantage

A

may be transmitted to immune compromised individuals

can mutate back to virulent forms and cause disease

36
Q

inactivated/killed vaccines

A

antigen property remains intact but cannot replicate

stimulates antibody production but requires larger doses or boosters

37
Q

subunit vaccines

A

chemically, genetically engineered antigen that stimulates the immune system
cannot replicate- requires boosters
tetanus toxoid

38
Q

altered exotoxin

A

antibodies produced against toxin
requires boosters every 10 years
stimulates antibody producing memory cells
hepititis B, diphtheria toxoid, anthrax vaccines

39
Q

passive vaccines

A

do not stimulate immune system to produce antibodies
no antigen characteristics
donor antibodies injected into infected individual
immediate response to toxin or pathogen
short duration, no memory

40
Q

gammaglobulin

A

injection or preformed, mostly IgG antibodies from other individuals

41
Q

varicella zoster globulin

A

passive immunity against chickenpox and shingles

42
Q

passive immunization disadvantage

A

no memory of exposure
preformed antibodies degraded over time
possible allergic reactions to animal produced antibodies (serum sickness)

43
Q

vaccine side effects

A

contamination
mutation to virulent or pathogenic forms
suspected cause of autism, asthma, allergies

44
Q

tetanus toxoid globulin vaccine

A

combines active and passive
toxoid- active
globulin- passive

45
Q

nosocomial infections

A

hospital acquired infections

46
Q

secondary infections

A

not present at time of admission

47
Q

3 factors contributing to hospital acquired infections

A

patient condition
mode of pathogen transmission
bacteria always present in hospital environment

48
Q

MRSA

A

methycillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

49
Q

nosocomial infection examples

A

UTIs (most common)
pneumonias
skin infections- Staph aureus (diaper rash)
Pseudomonas aeriginosa (burns)

Microbiology (27 decks)

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