Non Mendelian Inheritence Patterns

Question 1

Incomplete dominance

Answer 1

Occurs when neither of the 2 alleles for the same gene can completely conceal presence of other allele, they don’t surpress eachother

Intermediate expression in heterozygous individuals

Phenotype is blended

Use capital letters for both allelles (RRWW)

Question 2

Codominance

Answer 2

Both genes expressed in heterozygous condition

Eg red hair + white hair = roan (both shown not blend)

Capital letter to rep trait, super script to rep allele always caps

Eg red cow and white cow mixed = C^RC^R and C^W C^W

Question 3

Multiple allelles

Answer 3

More than 2 possible alleles interact for 1 gene

An individual usuallly has 2 alleles only, one in each homologous chromosome, however many different alleles for a gene can exist within a population

Question 4

ABO blood type system

Answer 4

Gene that determines your blood type actually determines what type of antigen protein you have

3 possible types, A, B, O, AB

Question 5

Antigens

Answer 5

Protein markers that stimulate the immune system,

immune system detects antigens that aren’t familiar and triggers the release of antibodies which then mark intruders for termination

Antigens are how cells communicate, dictates blood type

Question 6

Which blood group can use any blood, and which is the universal donor?

Answer 6

Ab is universal recipient, can take any type of blood

O is the universal donor, every blood type can take O including O

Question 7

What are the 3 possible alleles and the antigens present

Answer 7

I^A - antigen A

I^B - antigen B

i- no antigen (O)

Question 8

In the ABO system there’s true dominance and co dominance, which ones have dominance and co dominance

Answer 8

Type A and B show true dominance over type O

Type A and type B show co dominance with eachother

Question 9

What are the genotypes and phenotypes of ABO system

Answer 9

Genotypes: I^A I^A or I^A i- type A (pheno)

I B I B or I B i - Type B

I A I B - type AB (equally dom)

ii- type O (truly ressesive)

Question 10

How is the sex of an individual determined

Answer 10

By sex chromosomes contributed to zygote by sperm and egg

Female donates x (xx) from egg

Makes donate x and y (xy) from sperm

Therefore sperm determines gender

Question 11

Do x and y have same amount of genes

Answer 11

No x has about 2000 while y has less then 100

Question 12

What’s a barr body

Answer 12

When females inactivate one of their X chromosomes, not all female cells are identical because different xes can be inactivated

The x condenses really small so we can’t read the instructions and deactivates

Question 13

Sex linked inheritance

Answer 13

Sex linked traits found in X chromosome

Letters superscript in x chromo

Question 14

Are most x lines disorders ressesckve or dominant

Answer 14

Recessive, a,so often affect makes more, ratio of 8:1

Females need 2 recessive copies of the allele to be colourblind, men need 1

Question 15

Geno and one o if colourblindness

Answer 15

Xb y - make w colourblindness

XB Y - normal vision male

Xb Xb - female w colourblindness

XB Xb - carrier but normal vision

XB XB - normal vision

Question 16

Pedigree

Answer 16

Traits can be traced over though a family tree called pedigree

Roman - generation

Filled in - has trait

Oldest to youngest
Male is square circle is female

Question 17

What are the 3 options it could be for a pedigree

Answer 17

Autosomal dom

Autosomal rec

X-linked rec

Question 18

Dominant pedigree clues

Answer 18

Appears in every generation

Equal male and female ratio

Question 19

Recessive pedigree clues

Answer 19

Usually skips a generation

Equal male and female expression

If more male then female it’s likely x linked rec