Biodiveristy Flashcards
Biology
Study of living organisms
8 things all living organisms must meet
- Made of cells
- Obtain and use energy
3.grow and develop - Reproduce
- Pass traits onto offspring’s (heredity)
- Responds to environments (sweating, shivering etc)
- Adapting to environment
- Maintain homeostasis (balance, if ur cold/hot how does ur body react)
Biodiversity?
Refers to variety of species and ecosystems on earth and the ecological processes of which they are apart.
What are the 3 components of biodiversity, explain?
- Ecosystem diversity (variety of habitats)
- Specifies diversity (how many species in an area
- Genetics diversity (difference in genetic material within the same species, eg humans)
Factors affecting biodiversity?
Sunlight, pollution, human, activity, invasive species, over exploitation, habitat change (loss),climate (temp)
Taxonomy
Systematic method of biological classification
Why is it important to be able to classify organisms
Classification helps identify organisms, establish relationships among groups of organisms, studies phylogeny and evolutionary history of organisms.
What are the 3 ways to identify species and describe them
Morphological species concept: using eyes, most common, focuses on body shape size etc compares descriptions of similar organisms.
Biological species concept: focuses on similar characteristics and ability of organisms to interbreed in nature. Must happen in natural circumstances and be viable offspring (live until adulthood)
Phylogenetic species concept: focuses evolutionary relationships among organisms.
What is hierarchical classification
Method of classifying organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific.
What did Carl Linnaeus create in 18th century?
Linnaean classification system, grouped species into levels based on shared characteristics. Each of the 8 taxonomic categories is known as a rank, name of each rank is called a taxon
What’s the order of classification
Dominion, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is binomial nomenclature
Naming system, genus is capitalized and written FIRST, species in lower case and underlined (everything) eg, Homo sapiens (underlined)
What is phylogenetic
Study of evolutionary relationships, understand evolutionary history and pattern of descent of higher taxonomy ranks
3 types of evidence in modern taxonomy
Morphological features
Physiological features
Dna
Phylogenetic trees
Branching diagrams used to show evolutionary relationship amog species, length of line reps time
Clade
Taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
Cladistics
Specific method within phylogenetics that focuses on shared or derived (passed on) traits inherited from a common ancestor
Branching diagrams are called cladograms
Length of line does not represent time
Synapomorphy
We or derived traits that the ancestor does not possess
Ingroup
Members of a clade that have one or more synamorphies
Out group
First group to have diverged from the other members of a clade
Dichotomous keys
Another tool used to identify organisms, series of choices w 2 answers, leading user to correct name of item
3 domain and 6 kingdoms
Domains: bacteria, archea, eukarya
Kingdoms: archea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plantae animalia
Viruses?
Microscopic particle that acts as a parasite that replicated ONLY when inside a LIVING host
Describe viruses
genetic material is not surrounded by a membrane, do not metabolize energy or perform cellular respiration, depend on host cells to reproduce, non cellular made up of protein covered in genetic material that can invade cells.
Virus structure?
capsid: surrounding protein capsule, genetic material is DNA/RNA, some found surrounded by envelope when leaves host cell, no cytoplasm or organelles, extremely small
4 components of virus classification
Size and shape, type of host, type of genetic material, method of replication
Virus structures
Filamentous, icosahedral, enveloped, head-tail
DNA
Double standees sugar (deoxyibose) and nucleotide base(thymine)
Eg, hep B, adenovirus (tumours, respiratory)
RNA
Single stranded
Sugar (ribose), nucleotide base (uracil)
Eg, measles, pneumonia, common cold, rabies
What’s the difference between virus and bacteriophages
Virus infection only hujans, bacteriophages infect bacteria
What’s the difference between lysogenic cycle and lytic cycle
Lytic: viral DNA takes over cell functions and destroys cell, symptoms of viral infection,
Lysogenic: viral DNA merges will cell DNA and does not destroy cell, no symptoms virus is dormant
What’s a vaccine and what r the types
Vaccine - initiates an immune response to build antibodies that remain in body
Weakened strains: weakend strains of virus are injected, eh chicken pox, nasal spray
Inactivated virus are injected (hep A, polio)
Partial virus is injected ( flue shot, hep B, pneumonia)
How are kingdoms classified
Similar structure and function btw diff organisms
Based on evolutionary and biochemical relationships
