Genetics Flashcards
Describe key traits of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the heritdary material is found in the nucleus, its double stranded and carries coded instructions which contain operation of cell, long piece of coiled DNA wrapped around proteins or form chromosomes, in every cell, we have 46 total and 23 pairs.
Describe chromatin
Long, thin, forms during S phase, relaxed uncoiled, replicated to prepare for cell divison
Chromosome
Chromatin condenses in prophase into a chromosome, 2 sister chromatids together are also a chromosome
Sister chromatid
Replicated chromosome, each individual of a chromosome
Before connecteing it’s a chromatid, when connected, chromosome, seperate after that is still a chromosome
What are genes
Sections of DNA that contain information for specific traits (code for proteins)
What does alleles mean
The chromosome that you get from each parent will contain the same sequence of genes for the same traits, however they may carry different FORMS of the gene, this is called alleles
Alleles: different forms of gene
What are 3 main stages of cell cycle
Interphase, cell division (mitosis, meiosis), cytokinesis
Describe interphase
Cells spend 90% of their time in interphase
G1- first growth cell grows and produces new proteins/organelles
S- dna is replicated
G2, second growth, cell produces the organelles and structures needed for cell division
Explain prophase (mitosis)
Chromatin condenses to become chromosomes (2 sister)
Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell
Spindle fibres form
Nuclear membrane disintegrating
Describe metaphase (mitosis)
Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of chromosome
Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell
Describe Anaphase (mitosis)
Sister chromatids are pulled apart
Split at centromere
Pulled to opposite pole by centriole
No longer chromatid now daughter chromosomes
Describe Telophase (mitosis)
Spindle fibres disenegrage
Chromosomes turn back into chromatin
2 new nuclei are formed
Cell starts to split into 2 new daughter cells by pinching
Animal (cleavage furrow bc no cell wall, plant is cell plate)
Cytokinesis (mitosis), what end result of mitosis
Cytoplasm divides, 2 new genetically identical daughter cells
What is apoptosis
Regulated cell death, if cell is not functioning or has not copied itself properly it will commit apoptosis
What would happen with no checkpoints? If spindle fibres didn’t attach properly? What is similar btw 3 checkpoints?
W no checkpoints mutations and cancer would occur
Uneven # of chromosomes and apoptosis
Check to make sure everything is functioning properly
