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Biology Grade 11 > evoloution vocabulary > Flashcards

evoloution vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

variation

A

the differences between individuals, number of possible alleles offspring can inherit

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2
Q

Biological evolution

A

An inherited change that happens within a POPULATION, not individual

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3
Q

Adaptation

A

a structure, behaviour, physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce

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4
Q

Fitness

A

another word to describe reproductive success, relative contribution (#) an organism makes to the next generation by producing viable offsprings

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5
Q

Viable

A

can survive long enough to reproduce

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6
Q

Structural adaptation

A

Specific part of feature of the organism’s body, eg fluffy feathers

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7
Q

Physiological adaptation

A

Permits an organism to perform a specific function, eg hibernation

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8
Q

Behavioural adaptation

A

ways an organism acts, eg hunting strats, migration

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9
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies with a population over successive generations

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10
Q

Allele frequency

A

Number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population

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11
Q

Macroevoloution

A

Progression of biodiversity over a long period of time, descent of many species from a common ancestor

Involved speciation

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12
Q

Fossils

A

Chronological collection of lifes remains in sedimentary layers, hard tar pits, volcanic ash etc. Shows history of life by showing kinds of species that were alive

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13
Q

transitional species

A

A species that has characteristics that are shared by more than one major group of organisms, show intermediary links btw groups of organisms

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14
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

study of similarities and differences in anatomy between species

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15
Q

Homologous

A

Anatomical structures found in different species, have similar structure and derived from a common ancestor. Can have a different function

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16
Q

Analogous

A

Structures have similar functions but DO NOT share common ancestor

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17
Q

Vestigal

A

Homologous characteristics of organisms that have lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution eg human tail bone

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18
Q

Biochemical analysis (DNA)

A

Scientists can determine how closely related 2 organisms are by comparing DNA and proteins, use DNA barcoding

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19
Q

Embryology

A

Study of early pre-birth stages of an organisms development

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20
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of the distribution of organisms and ecosystems in space and through geological time

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21
Q

Mechanisms for evolution

A

Mutation, natural selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, gene flow

22
Q

Mutations

A

change that randomly occurs in the DNA of an individual that is HERITABLE, only source of new alleles/genes

23
Q

neutral mutations

A

occur in non-coding regions of genetic material and do not benefit or harm the organism, eg attached earlobes

24
Q

Natural selection

A

organisms with advantageous heritable traits are selected for, survive and reproduce passing their traits to offspring

25
Directional, Disruptive and stabilizing natural selection
Directional: Results in shift in one extreme aspect of a trait, moves curve one direction. Eg selects for one extreme Disruptive: natural selection selects for both extremes and removes the most common characteristics. Extremes may become separate species Stabilizing: Favours intermediate, selects against extreme
26
Inbreeding
closely related individuals breed together
27
Preferred phenotypes
selecting a mate based on physical and behavioural traits
28
Disassortative mating
Organisms with different phenotypes mate tg
29
Genetic drift
Changes in gene/allele frequencies in small populations, alleles lost at random or by chance
30
Bottleneck affect
Large, temporary reduction in population resulting in genetic drift. occurs by change, eg environmental disaster Some alleles may be lost as only few survive and produce from natural disaster
31
Founder effect
by chance, small # OF INDIVIDUALS establish a new population distant from original Causes limited number of alleles to be present, loosing genetic diversity
32
Geneflow
Movement of alleles from one population to another by movement of individuals, must have migration of fertile individual, changes allele frequency
33
Species
carl linneus says its a group defined by morphological differences from all other life forms, today it focuses on genetics and biochem
34
Biological species concept
population where individuals reproduce naturally, and produce a viable offspring
35
Speciation
Formation of a new species, allopatric and sympatric
36
Allopatric speciation
new species form when a single species is separated into 2 isolated populations by a geographical barrier, physical separation prevents exchange of genetic info
37
Sympatric speciation
Individuals within a population become genetically isolated from larger pop without geographic isolation
38
Reproductive isolating mechanism
any behavioural, structural or biochemical trait that prevents individs of a diff species from reproducing successfully
39
Prezygotic
prevents mating or fetilization
40
Postzygotic
prevent viable and fertile offsprings
41
Ecological isolation (MP)
Species that occupy separate habitats or seperate niches of the same habitat do not meet to mate
42
Temporal isolation (MP)
temporal conditions refer to time of day, seasons or diff years, diff species mate at diff times
43
Behavioural isolation (MP)
The courtship and mating cues for attracting a mate are very specific for each species, rituals aren't recognized by one another
44
Mechanical isolation (FP)
Structural differences in reproductive organs prevent copulation eg divided into sep species bc of gentalia shape
45
Gametic isolation
Prevents fertilization at the molecular level, egg n sperm fail to fuse, does not recognize male sperm (attacker)
46
Zygotic mortality
fertilized zygote die before birth, chromosomes arent compatible
47
Hybrid inviability
Embryo develops and dies before birth or is born alive but hybrid is weak and does not survive to reproduce
48
Hybrid infertility
Hybrids do dev normally to reach sexual maturity but are sterile (do not prod viable gametes)
49
assortive mating
when indivis mate w partners that are like themselves in certain characteristics
50
Sexual selection
certain characteristics are actively sought out by one sex usually females, one result is sexuak dismorphism (marked diff btw males and females)

Biology Grade 11 (19 decks)

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