evoloution vocabulary

Question 1

variation

Answer 1

the differences between individuals, number of possible alleles offspring can inherit

Question 2

Biological evolution

Answer 2

An inherited change that happens within a POPULATION, not individual

Question 3

Adaptation

Answer 3

a structure, behaviour, physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce

Question 4

Fitness

Answer 4

another word to describe reproductive success, relative contribution (#) an organism makes to the next generation by producing viable offsprings

Question 5

Viable

Answer 5

can survive long enough to reproduce

Question 6

Structural adaptation

Answer 6

Specific part of feature of the organism’s body, eg fluffy feathers

Question 7

Physiological adaptation

Answer 7

Permits an organism to perform a specific function, eg hibernation

Question 8

Behavioural adaptation

Answer 8

ways an organism acts, eg hunting strats, migration

Question 9

Microevolution

Answer 9

Change in allele frequencies with a population over successive generations

Question 10

Allele frequency

Answer 10

Number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population

Question 11

Macroevoloution

Answer 11

Progression of biodiversity over a long period of time, descent of many species from a common ancestor

Involved speciation

Question 12

Fossils

Answer 12

Chronological collection of lifes remains in sedimentary layers, hard tar pits, volcanic ash etc. Shows history of life by showing kinds of species that were alive

Question 13

transitional species

Answer 13

A species that has characteristics that are shared by more than one major group of organisms, show intermediary links btw groups of organisms

Question 14

Comparative anatomy

Answer 14

study of similarities and differences in anatomy between species

Question 15

Homologous

Answer 15

Anatomical structures found in different species, have similar structure and derived from a common ancestor. Can have a different function

Question 16

Analogous

Answer 16

Structures have similar functions but DO NOT share common ancestor

Question 17

Vestigal

Answer 17

Homologous characteristics of organisms that have lost all or most of their original function in a species through evolution eg human tail bone

Question 18

Biochemical analysis (DNA)

Answer 18

Scientists can determine how closely related 2 organisms are by comparing DNA and proteins, use DNA barcoding

Question 19

Embryology

Answer 19

Study of early pre-birth stages of an organisms development

Question 20

Biogeography

Answer 20

Study of the distribution of organisms and ecosystems in space and through geological time

Question 21

Mechanisms for evolution

Answer 21

Mutation, natural selection, non-random mating, genetic drift, gene flow

Question 22

Mutations

Answer 22

change that randomly occurs in the DNA of an individual that is HERITABLE, only source of new alleles/genes

Question 23

neutral mutations

Answer 23

occur in non-coding regions of genetic material and do not benefit or harm the organism, eg attached earlobes

Question 24

Natural selection

Answer 24

organisms with advantageous heritable traits are selected for, survive and reproduce passing their traits to offspring

Question 25

Directional, Disruptive and stabilizing natural selection

Answer 25

Directional: Results in shift in one extreme aspect of a trait, moves curve one direction. Eg selects for one extreme Disruptive: natural selection selects for both extremes and removes the most common characteristics. Extremes may become separate species Stabilizing: Favours intermediate, selects against extreme

Question 26

Inbreeding

Answer 26

closely related individuals breed together

Question 27

Preferred phenotypes

Answer 27

selecting a mate based on physical and behavioural traits

Question 28

Disassortative mating

Answer 28

Organisms with different phenotypes mate tg

Question 29

Genetic drift

Answer 29

Changes in gene/allele frequencies in small populations, alleles lost at random or by chance

Question 30

Bottleneck affect

Answer 30

Large, temporary reduction in population resulting in genetic drift. occurs by change, eg environmental disaster Some alleles may be lost as only few survive and produce from natural disaster

Question 31

Founder effect

Answer 31

by chance, small # OF INDIVIDUALS establish a new population distant from original Causes limited number of alleles to be present, loosing genetic diversity

Question 32

Geneflow

Answer 32

Movement of alleles from one population to another by movement of individuals, must have migration of fertile individual, changes allele frequency

Question 33

Species

Answer 33

carl linneus says its a group defined by morphological differences from all other life forms, today it focuses on genetics and biochem

Question 34

Biological species concept

Answer 34

population where individuals reproduce naturally, and produce a viable offspring

Question 35

Speciation

Answer 35

Formation of a new species, allopatric and sympatric

Question 36

Allopatric speciation

Answer 36

new species form when a single species is separated into 2 isolated populations by a geographical barrier, physical separation prevents exchange of genetic info

Question 37

Sympatric speciation

Answer 37

Individuals within a population become genetically isolated from larger pop without geographic isolation

Question 38

Reproductive isolating mechanism

Answer 38

any behavioural, structural or biochemical trait that prevents individs of a diff species from reproducing successfully

Question 39

Prezygotic

Answer 39

prevents mating or fetilization

Question 40

Postzygotic

Answer 40

prevent viable and fertile offsprings

Question 41

Ecological isolation (MP)

Answer 41

Species that occupy separate habitats or seperate niches of the same habitat do not meet to mate

Question 42

Temporal isolation (MP)

Answer 42

temporal conditions refer to time of day, seasons or diff years, diff species mate at diff times

Question 43

Behavioural isolation (MP)

Answer 43

The courtship and mating cues for attracting a mate are very specific for each species, rituals aren't recognized by one another

Question 44

Mechanical isolation (FP)

Answer 44

Structural differences in reproductive organs prevent copulation eg divided into sep species bc of gentalia shape

Question 45

Gametic isolation

Answer 45

Prevents fertilization at the molecular level, egg n sperm fail to fuse, does not recognize male sperm (attacker)

Question 46

Zygotic mortality

Answer 46

fertilized zygote die before birth, chromosomes arent compatible

Question 47

Hybrid inviability

Answer 47

Embryo develops and dies before birth or is born alive but hybrid is weak and does not survive to reproduce

Question 48

Hybrid infertility

Answer 48

Hybrids do dev normally to reach sexual maturity but are sterile (do not prod viable gametes)

Question 49

assortive mating

Answer 49

when indivis mate w partners that are like themselves in certain characteristics

Question 50

Sexual selection

Answer 50

certain characteristics are actively sought out by one sex usually females, one result is sexuak dismorphism (marked diff btw males and females)