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Chemistry > Nomenclature and isomerism A2 > Flashcards

Nomenclature and isomerism A2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the molecular formula of an amide?

A

R-CO-NH2

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2
Q

What is an amine?

A

CR3-NH2

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3
Q

What is the suffix for an amide?

A

-amide

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4
Q

What is the suffix and prefix for an amine?

A

Suffix: -amine
Prefix: amino-

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5
Q

What is an ester?

A

R-CO-O-R

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6
Q

What is the suffix for an ester?

A

-oate

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7
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

End of the chain first (methyl/ethyl) then the beginning of the chain (methanoate/ethanoate).

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8
Q

What is an acyl chloride?

A

R-CO-Cl

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9
Q

What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?

A

-oyl Chloride

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10
Q

What is an acid anhydride?

A

R-CO-O-CO-R

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11
Q

What is the suffix for an acid anhydride?

A

-oic anhydride

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12
Q

How do you name an acid anhydride?

A

They are symmetrical so the number of carbons before the O in the middle will form the meth/eth

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13
Q

What is a nitrile?

A

R-CN

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14
Q

what is the suffix for a nitrile?

A

-nitrile

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15
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

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16
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

17
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Same structural formula, different arrangement of the bonds in space.

18
Q

When does optical isomerism occur?

A

When there are four different substituents attached to one carbon atom.

19
Q

What are 2 optical isomers?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images.

20
Q

Why are they called optical isomers?

A

Because they differ in the way they rotate plane polarised light.

21
Q

What are the two optical isomers called?

A

Enantiomers

22
Q

What is the name for the carbon atom at the centre of an optical isomer and how is it represented?

A

Chiral

C*

23
Q

What is a racemix mixture?

A

50:50 mix of two enantiomers, no light is rotated as the effect of each enantiomer is cancelled.

24
Q

What are the reactants for the first step in producing 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

A

Ethanal + HCN

25
Q

What is the mechanism for the formation of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?

A

Nucleophilic addition

26
Q

What is the product of the first reaction in the formation of lactic acid?

A

2-hydroxypropanenitrile

27
Q

What is 2-hydroxypropanenitrile reacted with in the second step in producing lactic acid?

A

Water acidified with a dilute solution of HCl.

28
Q

What is the reaction of 2-hydroxypropanenitrile in the second step?

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

What is the equation for the second stage in lactic acid production?

A

CH3-CHOH-CN + HCl + 2H2O –> CH3-CHOH-COOH + NH4Cl

30
Q

Name three ways of dealing with having one effective and one inactive enantiomer in a racemix mixture.

A
  • Separate the isomers (difficult and expensive as have similar properties),
  • Sell the mixture as a drug,
  • Design an alternative synthesis that only makes the required isomer.

Chemistry (32 decks)

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