Nomenclature and isomerism A2 Flashcards
What is the molecular formula of an amide?
R-CO-NH2
What is an amine?
CR3-NH2
What is the suffix for an amide?
-amide
What is the suffix and prefix for an amine?
Suffix: -amine
Prefix: amino-
What is an ester?
R-CO-O-R
What is the suffix for an ester?
-oate
How do you name an ester?
End of the chain first (methyl/ethyl) then the beginning of the chain (methanoate/ethanoate).
What is an acyl chloride?
R-CO-Cl
What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?
-oyl Chloride
What is an acid anhydride?
R-CO-O-CO-R
What is the suffix for an acid anhydride?
-oic anhydride
How do you name an acid anhydride?
They are symmetrical so the number of carbons before the O in the middle will form the meth/eth
What is a nitrile?
R-CN
what is the suffix for a nitrile?
-nitrile
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
What is a stereoisomer?
Same structural formula, different arrangement of the bonds in space.
When does optical isomerism occur?
When there are four different substituents attached to one carbon atom.
What are 2 optical isomers?
Non-superimposable mirror images.
Why are they called optical isomers?
Because they differ in the way they rotate plane polarised light.
What are the two optical isomers called?
Enantiomers
What is the name for the carbon atom at the centre of an optical isomer and how is it represented?
Chiral
C*
What is a racemix mixture?
50:50 mix of two enantiomers, no light is rotated as the effect of each enantiomer is cancelled.
What are the reactants for the first step in producing 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?
Ethanal + HCN
What is the mechanism for the formation of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid?
Nucleophilic addition
What is the product of the first reaction in the formation of lactic acid?
2-hydroxypropanenitrile
What is 2-hydroxypropanenitrile reacted with in the second step in producing lactic acid?
Water acidified with a dilute solution of HCl.
What is the reaction of 2-hydroxypropanenitrile in the second step?
Hydrolysis
What is the equation for the second stage in lactic acid production?
CH3-CHOH-CN + HCl + 2H2O –> CH3-CHOH-COOH + NH4Cl
Name three ways of dealing with having one effective and one inactive enantiomer in a racemix mixture.
- Separate the isomers (difficult and expensive as have similar properties),
- Sell the mixture as a drug,
- Design an alternative synthesis that only makes the required isomer.
