Noba: Chapter on Prejudice Flashcards
How do we categorize people? Why do we do this?
by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities.
We do this to help us understand how to interact with new people based on educated guesses about their category
Categorization leads to…
Explain the problem of stereotyping:
biased thoughts about a person due to the incorrect belief that the category accurately describes them
Ex. An 80 year old marathon runner named Margret (goes against our ideas of old ppl being weak)
Categorization leads to…
Explain the problem of prejudice?
bias against people based on their group membership
If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice
Categorization leads to…
Explain the problem of discrimination?
behavior bias against a person (or group) based on stereotyped beliefs about that group.
If people do not want to invite Margaret on vacation because they fear that she will move too slowly (a common view of older people) then they are discriminating against her.
What are Blatant biases (also called “explicit biases”)?
are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring one’s own group (in-group)
Ex. Nazi’s, KKK
What is Social dominance orientation ?
belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and are even a good idea to maintain order and stability
What do people high on SDO think about groups?
- some groups are inherently better than others, and because of this, there is no such thing as group “equality.”
- preferred arrangement of groups with some on top (preferably one’s own group) and some on the bottom
(Would be upset if outgroup member moved to neighbourhood) - Feel it disrupts the social hierarchy
more likely to be attracted to certain types of careers, such as law enforcement, that maintain group hierarchies
People who are high in SDO are usually politically…?
Conservative
People who score high on SDO, usually score low on:
tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation.
SDO—a preference for inequality as normal and natural—also predicts endorsing…
superiority of certain groups: men, native-born residents, heterosexuals, and believers in the dominant religion
(seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior)
What fundamental belief does SDO rely on?
the world is tough and competitive with only a limited number of resources.
Thus, those high in SDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom
What is Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA)?
emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority
SDO focuses on _____ and RWA focuses on _____?
SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts,
RWA focuses on value conflicts
Example:
homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it “threatens” one’s economic resources (e.g. lowering the value of one’s house; fewer openings in the school; etc.).
RWA may dislike because this outgroup member brings in values or beliefs that the person high in RWA disagrees with, thus “threatening” the collective values of his or her group
Is RWA just seen on the right (politically)?
there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. the preference for order, clarity, and conventional values) and conservative beliefs.
But can also see left wing authoritarianism (promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices)
What do we see when high SDO and RWA intersect?
joining hate groups that openly endorse aggression against minority groups, immigrants, homosexuals, and believers in non-dominant religions
What are . Subtle biases (also called “automatic” or “implicit” biases)?
They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality
What is the logic behind the IAT?
because we like ourselves, we also like the groups in which we are members.
What is the issue with like for your own groups?
is that own-group preference often results in liking other groups less.
And whether you recognize this “favoritism” as wrong, this trade-off is relatively automatic
What is Social identity theory?
tendency to favor one’s own in-group over another’s outgroup. As a result, outgroup disliking stems from this in-group liking
EX. if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike each other not because of any real, objectionable traits about the other group.
The dislike originates from each class’s favoritism toward itself and the fact that only one group can play on the soccer field at a time.
People value groups differently because they favour their ingroup and neglect the other group.
How do people justify the favoritism?
people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup.
Specifically, people see members of an outgroup as more similar to one another in personality than they actually are.
What is self-categorization theory?
we tend to favor the groups with people like us and incidentally disfavor the others.
In-group favoritism is an ambiguous form of bias because it disfavors the outgroup by exclusion.
- For example, authoritarian leaders tend to allocate more national resources to members of their own tribe, religious sect, or political party.
What is aversive racism?
people do not like to admit their own racial biases to themselves or others
Aversive racism is unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact
ex. discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person
Why are Asians referred to as the model minority?
because of their perceived success in areas such as education, income, and social stability
What does the Stereotype Content Model show?
shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence
