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NME 2 > NME 2.28 > Flashcards

NME 2.28 Flashcards

1
Q

describe processes of glycogen metabolism in fed state?

A
  • insulin and glucose-6-phosphate activate synthase phosphate
  • synthase phosphatase activates glycogen synthase
  • glycogen synthase catalyzes the elongation of glycogen chain in UDP-glucose as substrate
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2
Q

describe processes of glycogen metabolism in fasting state?

A
  • liver glycogen is source of blood glucose
  • muscle glycogen is metabolised by glycolysis to generate energy
  • glucagon and adrenaline activate synthase kinase which inactivate glycogen synthase
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3
Q

what activates synthase phosphatase?

A
  • insulin and glucose 6-P
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4
Q

what activates glycogen synthase?

A
  • synthase phosphatase
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5
Q

what inactivate glycogen synthase?

A
  • synthase kinases
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6
Q

what activates synthase kinases?

A
  • glucagon

- adrenaline

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7
Q

what does glycogen phosphorylase catalyse?

A
  • degradation of glycogen to glucose 1-P through phosphorolysis
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8
Q

what activates glycogen phosphorylase?

A

phosphorylase kinase

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9
Q

what activates phosphorylase kinase?

A

activated by glucagon and adrenaline

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10
Q

what inactivates glycogen phosphorylase?

A

phosphorylase phosphatase

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11
Q

what activates phosphorylase phosphatase?

A

insulin and glucose

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12
Q

which one convert UDP glucose to glycogen?

A

glycogen synthase

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13
Q

which one converts glycogen to G1P

A

glycogen phosphatase

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14
Q

what are all kinases activated by?

A

glucagon and adrenaline

acronym: KAG

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15
Q

what are all phosphatase activated by?

A

insulin and glucose

acronym: PIG

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16
Q

describe the consequences of defective glycogen metabolism

A
  • reduce liver ability to replenish blood glucose levels

- restrict energy production in muscles leading to fatigue

17
Q

what are the requirements for gluconeogenesis?

A
  • lactate
  • amino acids
  • glycerol
  • fatty acid oxidation
18
Q

what regulates gluconeogenesis?

A
  • inhibited by insulin

- stimulated by glucagon and fatty acids

19
Q

what is the role of gluconeogenesis?

A
  • maintain blood glucose when the liver glycogen is depleted
20
Q

outline gluconeogenesis?

A
  • reverse conversion
  • pyruvate to oxaoacetate to malate to oxaloacetate then to phosphoenolpyruvate to fructose 1,6 to fructose 6-P then to glucose 6-P then glucose
21
Q

what does pyruvate carboxylase do?

A

convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate

22
Q

what does phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase do?

A

convert oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate

23
Q

what does Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

A

convert fructose 1,6-P to cfructose 6-P

24
Q

what is the cori cycle?

A
  • when lactate is converted to glucose in liver through gluconeogenesis
  • glucose is used by muscle to form lactate
25
Q

describe gluconeogenesis from amino acids?

A
  • protein is used in muscle to produce amino acids through proteolysis
  • amino acids is converted to pyruvate then pyruvate is converted to glucose in liver
26
Q

what amino acids cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

A
  • leucine and lysine
27
Q

describe gluconeogenesis from glycerol?

A
  • glycerol released from breakdown of triglyceride in adipose tissue during fasting
  • taken up by licer
  • converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis
28
Q

what are the key enzymes used for glycolysis?

A
  • glucokinase
  • phosphofructokinase
  • pyruvate kinase
29
Q

what enzymes are used for gluconeogenesis?

A
  • glucose 6-phosphatase
  • fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
  • pyruvate carboxylase
  • PEP carboxykinase
30
Q

describe how dietary carbohydrates can be converted to triaglycerides in liver?

A
  • glucose converted to pyruvate through glycolysis
  • pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA
  • then converted to citrate
  • citrate is converted back to acetyl CoA
  • acetyl CoA converted to malonyl CoA
  • then to fatty acid
31
Q

what happens at high concentration of malonyl CoA?

A
  • inhibits oxidation of fatty acid
32
Q

what happens at low concentration of malonyl CoA?

A
  • stimulate oxidation of fatty acid
33
Q

does malonyl CoA need energy to form fatty acid?

A

yes, energy taken from NADPH

34
Q

which process synthesized NADPH?

A

pentose-phosphate pathway

35
Q

what activates pyruvate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

activated by insulin

36
Q

what inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase?

A
  • inhibited by glucagon and fatty acid
37
Q

what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A
  • inhibited by fatty acids and NADH
38
Q

NADPH is required for?

A
  • fatty acid synthesis
  • fatty acid chain elongation
  • cholestrol biosynthesis
  • cytochrome P450 monoxygenases
  • reduction of oxidised glutathione

NME 2 (24 decks)

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