NME 2.2

Question 1

what is the main duct for parotid called?

Answer 1

stensen’s duct

Question 2

what is the main duct for the submandibular called?

Answer 2

wharton’s duct

Question 3

function of saliva?

Answer 3

• lubrication
• digestion
• solubilisation
• moistness
• protection

Question 4

what does proline rich proteins do?

Answer 4

• contains several repeats of short proline rich sequence
• inactivate tannins to a greater extend compared to dietary proteins which reduce fecal nitrogen loss
• contain non specific nitrogen and non essential amino acid

Question 5

describe the digestion function of saliva?

Answer 5

• alpha amylase initiation of starch digestion
• ligual lipase which initiation of lipid digestion
• R-protein (haptocorrin) which helps with vitamin B12 absorption

Question 6

how does lysozyme in saliva protect?

Answer 6

act on the cell wall of certain bacteria and cause lysis and death

Question 7

how does thiocyanate in saliva protect?

Answer 7

thiocyanate will oxidise to form oxidised derivatives which are highly toxic to bacterial systems

Question 8

list of 8 things that helps with oral and dental health in the saliva?

Answer 8

• lysozyme
• thiocyanate
• immunoglobulins
• wash and neutralise food
• alkaline pH of the saliva
• binding pathogen
• mucins

Question 9

is xerostomia a disease?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

what causes xerostomia?

Answer 10

• sjogren syndrome
• nerve or/and gland damage
• drug therapy

Question 11

what is the basal rate of secretion during sleep?

Answer 11

0.05 ml/min

Question 12

what is the rate of secretion during awake?

Answer 12

0.5 ml/min

Question 13

treatment for xerostomia?

Answer 13

• stimulate residual saliva

- artificial saliva

Question 14

describe the blood supply at the salivary glands?

Answer 14

• portal system
• flow pass the duct then the acinus
• substances reabsorbed from the duct are transported to capillaries surrounding the acinus by efferent arteriole

Question 15

describe components of primary saliva secretion

Answer 15

• ultrafiltrate of plasma to which some components synthesized by acinar cells
• almost isotonic to plasma
• mucin glycoprotein secretion
• proline rich protein secretion
• IgA secretion

Question 16

describe process of primary acinar fluid secretion?

Answer 16

• sodium go down the gradient into the cell and potassium and chloride goes in the same direction
• sodium move out of the cell and potassium is taken in
• chloride move down the apical channel as it builds up in the cell
• chloride move down the apical channel down the concentration gradient
• chloride is a negative ion and will draw sodium ions
• sodium will draw water into apical
• M3 and acetylcholine will increase the intracellular calcium through activation of protein kianses

Question 17

which type of chloride channel is in the primary acinar fluid secretion?

Answer 17

calcium activated chloride channel

Question 18

describe secondary saliva secretion?

Answer 18

• as it flows past the duct it will undergo secondary modification by secretory and striated duct cells
• sodium and chloride are extracted from saliva
• potassium are added to saliva
• sodium and potassium are exchanged through an active mechanism
• more sodium is extracted than potassium added
• lysozyme secretion
• bicarbonate is secreted
• duct epithelium has low permeability to water
• secondary saliva becomes more hypotonic

Question 19

describe secondary ductal modification?

Answer 19

• lysozyme secretion
• potassium secretion
• bicarbonate secretion
• chloride reabsorption
• sodium reabsorption

Question 20

what is the difference from primary to secondary secretions when unstimulated?

Answer 20

• alot of reabsorbtion of sodium
• secretion of potassium
• bicarbonate is reabsorbed
• chloride is reabsorbed
• total ions for unstimulated is low

Question 21

what happens when secondary is stimulated?

Answer 21

• fluid pass through duct faster
• less time to modify it so the composition is in between primary and secondary unstimulated except for bicarbonate
• secretion of bicarbonate because stimulated duct cells therefore higher bicarbonate levels

Question 22

describe ductal modification for sodium?

Answer 22

• ENaC move sodium from higher concentration to low concentration into the cell
• sodium can also move in through the sodium hydrogen exchanger into the cell

Question 23

describe ductal modification for chloride?

Answer 23

• chloride is negatively charged and will move into the cell with sodium

Question 24

describe ductal modification for bicarbonate?

Answer 24

• on apical membrane there is CFTR which transports chloride to lumen out of the cell
• chloride comes back into the cell by chloride/bicarbonate exchanger
• cause bicarbonate into the lumen
• when stimulated, CFTR become more active and allow more chloride to be recycled which increase bicarbonate secretion

Question 25

describe the parasympathetic control of salivary secretions?

Answer 25

• cranial nerve 7 controls sublingual and submandibular
• cranial nerve 9 controls parotid
• cause secondary water transport
• vasodilation by bradykinin
• bradykinin form from bradykininogen and kallikreins catalyse the conversion

Question 26

describe the sympathetic control of salivary secretions?

Answer 26

• act on alpha adrenergic receptors
• vasoconstriction
• small volume rich in proteins and mucus

Question 27

describe cephalic control of salivary secretions?

Answer 27

• sight, smell and thought of food
• can be conditioned or unconditioned
• substance in mouth induce reflex

Question 28

what is bradykinin?

Answer 28

• cause vasodilation of arterioles
• increase hydrostatic pressure of capillaries
• increase in the filtration in the gland
• cause more ion flow at acinus
• increase flow of saliva because ion movement cause water movement