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NME 2 > NME 2.27 > Flashcards

NME 2.27 Flashcards

1
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

breakdown of glucose

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2
Q

what is the glucose transporters in red blood cells?

A
  • GLUT1
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3
Q

what is the glucose transporters in liver or kidney?

A

GLUT2

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4
Q

what is the glucose transporters in neurones?

A

GLUT3

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5
Q

what is the glucose transporters in adipose tissue and muscles

A

GLUT4

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6
Q

what is the glucose transporters in intestine?

A

SGLT

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7
Q

what is the role of glycolysis?

A
  • oxidation of glucose to generate ATP

- providing building blocks for anabolic reactions

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8
Q

outline the process of stage 1 aerobic glycolysis

A
  • glucose –> glucose 6 phosphate –> fructose 6 phosphate –> fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) –> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
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9
Q

outline the process of stage 2 aerobic glycolysis?

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate –> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate –> 3-phosphateglycerate –> 2-phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate
–> pyruvate

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10
Q

what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis?

A

for anaerobic, the pryuvate will form lactate

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11
Q

what does the conversion of pryuvate to lactate uses?

A

NADH

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12
Q

what are the three enzymes that regulate glycolysis?

A
  • glucokinase
  • phosphofructokinase
  • pyruvate kinase
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13
Q

is glucokinase or hexokinase in the liver?

A

glucokinase

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14
Q

what does glucokinase do?

A

convert glucose to glucose 6-P

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15
Q

what does phosphofructokinase do?

A

convert fructose 6-P to fructose 1,6-bis-P

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16
Q

what does pyruvate kinase do?

A

convert phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

17
Q

what is the difference between glucokinase and hexokinase?

A
  • glucokinase is for liver while hexokinase is for tissues
  • glucokinase has low affinity for glucose while hexokinase has high affinity for glucose
  • glucokinase has high Vmax glucose while hexokinase has low Vmax glucose
  • glucokinase is not inhibited by G6P while hexokinase is inhibited by G6P
18
Q

hexokinase or glucokinase functions better at low concentration of glucose?

A
  • hexokinase function efficiently at low concentration of glucose
19
Q

which is the most important regulatory enzyme of glycolysis?

A
  • phosphofructokinase
20
Q

describe phosphofructokinase?

A
  • rate limited step
  • allosterically inhibited by ATP
  • allosterically stimulated by AMP
21
Q

which one is the most potent allosteric activator of PFK1?

A
  • fructose 2,6-bisphosphate even when ATP levels are high
22
Q

describe the liver in well fed state?

A
  • increase in insulin
  • decrease in glucagon
  • increase in fructose 2,6-biphosphate
  • increase in glycolysis
23
Q

describe the liver in fasting state?

A
  • decrease in insulin
  • increase in glucagon
  • decrease in fructose 2,6-biphosphate
  • reduce glycolysis
24
Q

what activates pyruvate kinase?

A
  • fructose-1,6-BP
25
Q

describe relationship of PFK1 and pyruvate kinase?

A
  • their activities are linked

- there is forward feeding

26
Q

what is phosphorylation?

A
  • when a phosphate is added
27
Q

what enzyme adds phosphate to protein?

A

kinase

28
Q

what enzyme removes phosphate from a protein?

A

phosphatase

29
Q

describe fructose metabolism

A
  • fructokinase will change fructose to fructose-1-phosphate

- then aldolase will change fructose-1-phosphate to glyceraldehyde or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

30
Q

what does lack in fructose cause?

A
  • essential fructosoria

- accumulation of fructose in urine

31
Q

what does lack of aldolase B cause?

A

hereditary fructose intolerance

NME 2 (24 decks)

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