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RUSVM Immuno SPR 2020 > NK Cells > Flashcards

NK Cells Flashcards

1
Q

This cell is produced in the bone marrow, found in the peripheral blood system, liver, and spleen, but does not possess receptors produced during gene rearrangement. What cell is this?

A

NK cell

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2
Q

T/F: Natural Killer cells migrate to tissues in large numbers only when an inflammatory reaction is underway.

A

True

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3
Q

While of lymphocytic in appearance, they also contain _______, that kill some virus-infected cells.

A

Granules

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4
Q

What receptors are expressed on NK cells for identification?

A

CD16, CD56, and a reduction of CD3 receptors

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5
Q

In solely bovine species, what receptor is identified on NK cells?

A

CD335, or NKp46

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6
Q

What roles do NK cells possess?

A

The elimination of tumor, virus-infected, and stressed cells

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7
Q

What cytokines are needed for the differentiation of NK cells into LAK cells, or Lymphokine activated killer cells?

A

IL-2 and IFN gamma

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8
Q

What cell is associated with the production of cytokines and chemokines like IFN gamma, TNF alpha, IL-17, and IL-22, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta, which have regulatory roles?

A

Natural Killer cells

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9
Q

What difference is noted on the cell membrane of a normal cell, versus one that is cancerous, stressed, or virally infected?

A

The expression of MHC I is not suppressed in normal cells

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10
Q

What roles do the receptors MICA, MICB, Rae-1, and H60, have on cell membranes?

A

Mark the cell as stressed and for phagocytosis

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11
Q

What broad categories are NK cell receptors placed in?

A

Activating vs. Inhibitory receptors

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12
Q

Which of the following signals will be blocked? Activating signals blocking inhibitory signals, or inhibitory signals blocking activating signals in normal cells?

A

Inhibitory signals blocking activating signals, under normal conditions

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13
Q

T/F: An NK cell will only allow a cell to live, if it is recognized as “self” for both the peptide and MHC complex expressed on a cell’s surface.

A

True

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14
Q

In mice, horses, and rats, the NK cell receptors that recognize MHC I molecules are called -?

A

KLRs, or Killer cell lectin-like receptors

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15
Q

In humans, cattle, dogs, cats, and pigs, the NK cell receptors that recognize MHC I molecules are called -?

A

KIRs, or Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors

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16
Q

What Natural Killer cell receptor family is associated with CD158?

A

KIRs, or Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors

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17
Q

What are some traits associated with KIRs, or Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors?

A

Polymorphic, transmembranous, and they include LILRs, or leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors

18
Q

Where are KIRs expressed?

A

NK cells and subsets of lymphocytes

19
Q

Where are LILRs expressed?

A

NK cells and several types of leukocytes

20
Q

What is meant by KIRs and KLRs being mutually exclusive, since they both contain both activating and inhibitory receptors?

A

That they, KIRs and KLRs, can’t both be found within the same individual, organism, etc.

21
Q

NKG2D is an example of what type of receptor? What stress proteins does it recognize?

A

Killer cell lectin-like receptor, which recognizes MICA, MICB, and ULBP in humans; Rae-1, H60, and MULT1 in rats

22
Q

In ruminants, NKG2D, a KLR receptor, is also expressed on activated -?

A

Gamma delta T cells

23
Q

What occurs when there is a large presence of stress proteins on cells, in the presence of NKG2D?

A

NKG2D will bind to these stress receptors, which will lead to an override of inhibitory signals allowing for NK cell cytotoxicity and elimination of that stressed cell

24
Q

A reduction in the presence of antigen: MHC I complexes along a cell will mark it for _________ by NK cells.

A

Elimination

25
Q

Which of the following is not associated with NK cells?
A) Control of hematopoiesis
B) ADCC against virally-infected cells
C) Activation of macrophages and lysis of stressed cells
D) Bactericidal and fungicidal functions

A

B) ADCC against virally-infected cells

26
Q

What three mechanisms are associated with NK cells for elimination of targeted cells?

A
  • Perforin dependent pathway
  • CD95/CD95L or Fas/FasL pathway
  • ADCC or CD16 pathway
27
Q

What occurs in the perforin dependent pathway?

A

Upon recognition and activation, NK cells secrete perforin which form channels into targeted cells for the entry of cytotoxic granules containing granulysin, NK-lysin, and fragmentin (which activate apoptotic zymogens or inactive enzymes) leading to apoptosis

28
Q

What occurs in the CD95/CD95L or Fas/FasL pathway?

A

Abnormal cells express the Fas/CD95 receptor, which is recognized and binds to the FasL/CD95L ligand of NK cells, which will then induce apoptosis of the abnormal cell

29
Q

What occurs in the ADCC or CD16 pathway?

A

The Fc or CD16 receptor of NK cells recognizes and binds to antibodies that are already bound to antigens, which will then initiate cytotoxicity

30
Q

What does ADCC stand for?

A

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

31
Q

T/F: ADCC will only occur if antibodies are present and bound to antigens.

A

True

32
Q

What cytokines are needed to activate NK cells?

A

IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL21, and both Type I and II IFNs

33
Q

Upon stimulation by NK cell activating cytokines, what will occur to the NK cell?

A

It will become a lymphokine activated killer cell, or LAK, which has an increased cytotoxic abilities

34
Q

T/F: FMD in swine will increase the ability to stimulate the conversion of NK cells into LAK cells.

A

False, FMD and some other viruses have the ability to suppress NK cell cytotoxicity

35
Q

What cytokine is produced by Natural killer cells, and is associated with the activation of phagocytic leukocytes?

A

IFN gamma

36
Q

While thymic in origin, these cells are similar to NK cells and lymphocytes. They are extremely specific, and express an invariant alpha and beta TCR. What cells are these?

A

Natural killer T cells

37
Q

A killer cell lectin-like receptor, this receptor is found on NKT cells, which are mostly CD4+ cells that recognize glycolipid antigens on bacterium. What receptor is this?

A

NK1.1

38
Q

While unable to develop memory, _____ cells are activated by IL-__, and play a role in allergies, antitumor immunity, autoimmunity, and antimicrobial immunity.

A

NKT cells

IL-15

39
Q

Natural killer dendritic cells are associated with the expression of what NK cell and DC receptors, or markers?

A

Express NK1.1 (on NK cells) and CD11c (DC marker)

40
Q

What three functions are associated with NK DCs?

A

The spontaneous lysis of tumor cells, antigen presentation, and the major production of IFN gamma

41
Q

What is needed for the production of IFN gamma by NK DCs?

A

CpG or TLR9

42
Q

Where can NK DCs be located in the body?

A

Thymus, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes

RUSVM Immuno SPR 2020 (20 decks)

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