Introduction and Cells of the Immune System

Question 1

What two lines of defenses are associated with the innate immunity?

Answer 1

1st line: Skin, mucosa, chemicals

2nd line: Phagocytosis, complementation, cytokines, fever, and inflammation

Question 2

What defensive strategies are associated with the adaptive immune response?

Answer 2

Lymphocytes and antibodies

Question 3

What cells are commonly referred to as granulocytes, are produced in the bone marrow, and are distinguished by their staining characteristics using H&E stain?

Answer 3

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Question 4

The following granulocyte is associated with the release of histamine and serotonin, as well as granules used in phagocytosis, in defense against parasites. They are also associated with allergic responses. What cell is this?

Answer 4

Basophil

Question 5

The following granulocyte is associated with defenses against parasites, a potential role in allergic responses, but also degranulates toxic granules to eliminate pathogens. What cell is this?

Answer 5

Eosinophil

Question 6

What granulocyte is recruited by neutrophils or lymphocytes via CCL5/ RANTES, CCL11/eotaxin-1, and CCL24/eotaxin-2?

Answer 6

Eosinophils

Question 7

What granulocyte is associated with the production of adhesive molecules like LFA-1 (CD11/CD18), MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18), and CD44?

Answer 7

Basophils

Question 8

If a myeloid progenitor cell is in the presence of interleukins 3 and 5, as well as GM-CSF, then what will be the final leukocytic product?

Answer 8

Eosinophils

Question 9

__________ are associated with the segmented nuclei in its mature form, banded nuclei in its immature form, phagocytosis, and the first responders to infection.

Answer 9

Neutrophils

Question 10

What may be a cause for the increasingly low number of neutrophils in the blood?

Answer 10

Leukemia or bone marrow damage

Question 11

Why might there be an increasingly large number of neutrophils present in a blood sample?

Answer 11

The presence of infection or kidney failure

Question 12

These cells are associated with allergic responses in tissues, as they are considered resident cells. Resembling basophils, these cells can also be divided into two forms - connective tissue or mucosal. What cells are these?

Answer 12

Mast cells

Question 13

While _________ are found in the bloodstream following production from the bone marrow, ____________ are resident cells of the tissues which phagocytize or present antigens to effector cells.

Answer 13

Monocytes

Macrophages

Question 14

What non-immune functions do macrophages have?

Answer 14

Recycling cellular debris

Question 15

These innate immune cells are associated with the recognition and elimination of virus-infected or cancerous cells through toxic degranulation, which form pores leading to apoptosis. What cells are these?

Answer 15

NK cells

Question 16

What specialized functions are associated with the following cell?

Answer 16

Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenters to T cells following antigen processing beginning in the tissues and completing by the time they reach the lymph nodes.

Question 17

What two types of dendritic cells are there?

Answer 17

Classical dendritic cells or Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Question 18

What form of dendritic cells are associated the increased production of Type 1 interferons following their activation by TLR7 and TLR9?

Answer 18

pDC’s or plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Question 19

Essential for the humoral immune response, these small lymphocytes are associated with immunoglobulin and antibody production, and their production and maturation in the bone marrow. What cells are these?

Answer 19

B lymphocytes or B cells

Question 20

How can antibodies function?

Answer 20

Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation

Question 21

What is the difference between neutralization and opsonization?

Answer 21

While neutralization relates to antibody attachment preventing pathogen attachment and infection, opsonization is associated with a coating of antibodies that increases its affinity for phagocytosis

Question 22

What small lymphocytes are associated with the stimulation of B cell proliferation and differentiation, their maturation in the thymus, and a division into 2 categories?

Answer 22

T lymphocytes aka T cells

Question 23

What is the precursor of T lymphocytes?

Answer 23

Thymocytes

Question 24

Unlike CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells have -?

Answer 24

Cytotoxic granules for eliminating targeted cells

Question 25

T helper cells or CD_+ cells, have 4 major subsets. What are these subsets?

Answer 25

Th1, Th2, Th17, and T reg cells

Question 26

What subset of T lymphocytes is associated with the activation of macrophages?

Answer 26

Th1

Question 27

What subset of T lymphocytes is associated with the recruitment of B cells, granulocytes, and Mast cells for helminthic infections?

Answer 27

Th2

Question 28

What subset of T lymphocytes is associated with the production of interleukin 17, which can activate immune and non-immune cells against extracellular bacteria?

Answer 28

Th17

Question 29

What subset of T lymphocytes is associated with the monitoring and inhibition of the activity of other T lymphocytes?

Answer 29

T regulatory cells, Tregs