Cellular Immune Response, Part I Flashcards
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy Yescarta, can be given once to treat for -?
B cell lymphoma
How do CAR T cells eliminate tumorous cells?
Their chimeric antigen receptors are able to recognize the antigens expressed on tumorous or cancerous cells
T cell responses are initiated in ________ ________ organs (e.g. lymph nodes), as a result of ______ cells presenting antigens to _______ T cells, from their location at common sites of entry.
Peripheral lymphoid
Dendritic
Naive
Mature dendritic cells will express high levels of ___________ molecules, which are needed to activate naive T cells.
Co-stimulatory
Where does the activation of effector T cells take place?
At the site of infection, as Naive T cells circulate in secondary lymphoid organs awaiting activation by dendritic cells to become effector cells
What does the recognition of T cells lead to?
- Cytokine secretion
- Proliferation
- Differentiation
What is the first signal in T lymphocyte activation?
Recognition of antigen by effector T cells
What is the second signal in T lymphocyte activation?
Co-stimulation, as a result of signal 2 functioning together with signal 1
What does the second signal allow for when it comes to T cell activation?
T cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation
What receptors are associated together during T cell co-stimulation, and what cells are they found on?
B7 of Naive T cells and CD28 of Dendritic cells
IL-2 and IL-2R’s (aka IL-2 receptors) are association with cell ___________.
Proliferation
True or False: T cell recognition of antigens requires the presence of B7 in order to express CD40L on T cells.
False, T cells recognizing an antigen causes the expression of CD40L, regardless of the presence of B7
CD40L on T cells will bind to CD40 on _________ cells, which leads both to the production of __ receptors and a secretion of cytokines.
Dendritic
B7
Members of the CD28 receptor family have what role in regards to T cell activation?
Regulatory roles, in T cell activation and inhibition
What inhibitory receptors are associated with CD28 receptor family?
CTLA-4 and PD-1
CD28 receptors of Naive T cells recognize dendritic cell __ receptors, which will lead to intiating T cell responses as a result of naive T cell activation.
B7
Naive T cell ICOS receptors will recognize the ______ receptor on dendritic cells, which will critical for helper T cell-dependent antbody responses.
ICOS-L
Naive T cell CTLA-4 receptors will recognize dendritic cell receptor __, which will neatively regulate immune responses or inhibit Naive T cell activation.
B7
What receptor recognizes the PD-ligand of dendritic cells to inhibit the activation of effector cells in peripheral tissues?
PD1
In order to treat rheumatoid arthritis and prevent transplant rejection, this Ig can be given to prevent the activation of T cells. Name this Ig?
CTLA-4-Ig
Functional responses of T cell activation include -?
- Increased surface molecule expression
- IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha expression
- Clonal expansion of T cells
IL-2 is associated with what functions for T cells?
- Growth
- Survival
- Differentiation
What cells are associated with producing IL-2? What cells are they associated with acting on?
TH cells, and they will act in an autocrine or paracrine manner
When IL-2 acts on T cells, it allows for them to produce -?
IFN gamma and IL-4
What is associated with clonal expansion?
The increase in number of antigenic-specific T cells
After antigen exposure, the frequency of TC cells specific to that antigen, will -?
Increase
Effector CD4+ cell activation leads to -?
Expression of cell surface molecules and the secretion of cytokines
Effector CD8+ cell activation will lead to -?
The killing of infected cells
T cell-mediated immune responses are associated to an antigen result in the generation of -?
Memory T cells, which can persist for a years to a lifetime
Memory T cells develop in a linear fashion from surviving effector T cells, or from -?
Differentiation of following antigen presentation to a Naive T cell
What properties are associated with Memory T cells?
- Anti-apoptotic proteins
- Respond readily to antigens
- Greater numbers than Naive T cells for that specific antigen
- Slow proliferation
- Dependent on IL-7 for growth
- Ability to migrate to periphperal tissues
What anti-apoptotic proteins are secreted by Memory T cells?
Bcl-2 and Bcl-X1
The decline in T cell responses is due to -?
- Cease in IL-2 production
- Cease in co-stimulation
- Activation of cell stress sensors, e.g. Bim
