Cellular Immune Response, Part I

Question 1

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy Yescarta, can be given once to treat for -?

Answer 1

B cell lymphoma

Question 2

How do CAR T cells eliminate tumorous cells?

Answer 2

Their chimeric antigen receptors are able to recognize the antigens expressed on tumorous or cancerous cells

Question 3

T cell responses are initiated in ________ ________ organs (e.g. lymph nodes), as a result of ______ cells presenting antigens to _______ T cells, from their location at common sites of entry.

Answer 3

Peripheral lymphoid

Dendritic

Naive

Question 4

Mature dendritic cells will express high levels of ___________ molecules, which are needed to activate naive T cells.

Answer 4

Co-stimulatory

Question 5

Where does the activation of effector T cells take place?

Answer 5

At the site of infection, as Naive T cells circulate in secondary lymphoid organs awaiting activation by dendritic cells to become effector cells

Question 6

What does the recognition of T cells lead to?

Answer 6

• Cytokine secretion
• Proliferation
• Differentiation

Question 7

What is the first signal in T lymphocyte activation?

Answer 7

Recognition of antigen by effector T cells

Question 8

What is the second signal in T lymphocyte activation?

Answer 8

Co-stimulation, as a result of signal 2 functioning together with signal 1

Question 9

What does the second signal allow for when it comes to T cell activation?

Answer 9

T cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation

Question 10

What receptors are associated together during T cell co-stimulation, and what cells are they found on?

Answer 10

B7 of Naive T cells and CD28 of Dendritic cells

Question 11

IL-2 and IL-2R’s (aka IL-2 receptors) are association with cell ___________.

Answer 11

Proliferation

Question 12

True or False: T cell recognition of antigens requires the presence of B7 in order to express CD40L on T cells.

Answer 12

False, T cells recognizing an antigen causes the expression of CD40L, regardless of the presence of B7

Question 13

CD40L on T cells will bind to CD40 on _________ cells, which leads both to the production of __ receptors and a secretion of cytokines.

Answer 13

Dendritic

B7

Question 14

Members of the CD28 receptor family have what role in regards to T cell activation?

Answer 14

Regulatory roles, in T cell activation and inhibition

Question 15

What inhibitory receptors are associated with CD28 receptor family?

Answer 15

CTLA-4 and PD-1

Question 16

CD28 receptors of Naive T cells recognize dendritic cell __ receptors, which will lead to intiating T cell responses as a result of naive T cell activation.

Answer 16

B7

Question 17

Naive T cell ICOS receptors will recognize the ______ receptor on dendritic cells, which will critical for helper T cell-dependent antbody responses.

Answer 17

ICOS-L

Question 18

Naive T cell CTLA-4 receptors will recognize dendritic cell receptor __, which will neatively regulate immune responses or inhibit Naive T cell activation.

Answer 18

B7

Question 19

What receptor recognizes the PD-ligand of dendritic cells to inhibit the activation of effector cells in peripheral tissues?

Answer 19

PD1

Question 20

In order to treat rheumatoid arthritis and prevent transplant rejection, this Ig can be given to prevent the activation of T cells. Name this Ig?

Answer 20

CTLA-4-Ig

Question 21

Functional responses of T cell activation include -?

Answer 21

• Increased surface molecule expression
• IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha expression
• Clonal expansion of T cells

Question 22

IL-2 is associated with what functions for T cells?

Answer 22

• Growth
• Survival
• Differentiation

Question 23

What cells are associated with producing IL-2? What cells are they associated with acting on?

Answer 23

T_H cells, and they will act in an autocrine or paracrine manner

Question 24

When IL-2 acts on T cells, it allows for them to produce -?

Answer 24

IFN gamma and IL-4

Question 25

What is associated with clonal expansion?

Answer 25

The increase in number of antigenic-specific T cells

Question 26

After antigen exposure, the frequency of T_C cells specific to that antigen, will -?

Answer 26

Increase

Question 27

Effector CD4+ cell activation leads to -?

Answer 27

Expression of cell surface molecules and the secretion of cytokines

Question 28

Effector CD8+ cell activation will lead to -?

Answer 28

The killing of infected cells

Question 29

T cell-mediated immune responses are associated to an antigen result in the generation of -?

Answer 29

Memory T cells, which can persist for a years to a lifetime

Question 30

Memory T cells develop in a linear fashion from surviving effector T cells, or from -?

Answer 30

Differentiation of following antigen presentation to a Naive T cell

Question 31

What properties are associated with Memory T cells?

Answer 31

• Anti-apoptotic proteins
• Respond readily to antigens
• Greater numbers than Naive T cells for that specific antigen
• Slow proliferation
• Dependent on IL-7 for growth
• Ability to migrate to periphperal tissues

Question 32

What anti-apoptotic proteins are secreted by Memory T cells?

Answer 32

Bcl-2 and Bcl-X₁

Question 33

The decline in T cell responses is due to -?

Answer 33

• Cease in IL-2 production
• Cease in co-stimulation
• Activation of cell stress sensors, e.g. Bim