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RUSVM Immuno SPR 2020 > Lymphocytes and their Receptors > Flashcards

Lymphocytes and their Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What types of lymphocytes are there? Of which are involved in the innate immune response?

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NK cells, which are the only ones involved in the innate response

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2
Q

What lymphocyte is associated with the cell-mediated immune response of the adaptive immune response?

A

T lymphocytes

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3
Q

What lymphocyte is associated with the humoral response of the adaptive immune response?

A

B lymphocytes

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4
Q

What cells are formed from a Pre-T cell?

A

T cells and NK cells

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5
Q

What is the difference between a memory cell and a plasma cell?

A

Memory cells = provide anamnestic response to secondary infections/ antigen reexposure

Plasma cells = terminally differentiated B cells that produce only a specific type of immunoglobulin

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6
Q

Where do Pre-T cells migrate, starting during fetal development?

A

The thymus

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7
Q

What cells are the precursors to thymocytes?

A

Pre-T cells

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8
Q

While thymocytes that produce a ______ chain become alpha-beta T cells, those thymocytes that produce what chain become gamma-delta T cells?

A

Alpha-beta T cells = Beta chain produced

Gamma-delta T cells = Gamma or delta chain produced

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9
Q

True or False: Complementarity between the antigen and the TCR dictates the specificity of a response.

A

True

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10
Q

Diversity of TCR components occurs in the ______, as a result of the random rearrangement of germline ____ _________.

A

Thymus

Gene segments

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11
Q

In TCR production, what chain is formed first - alpha or beta? Can it be expressed prior to the other chain’s completion

A

Beta chain, and no. It must wait until completion of the alpha chain for expression on the T cell surface

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12
Q

The V, D, J, and C regions of genetic material along a chromosome are not __________, meaning they are together in a uniform pattern.

A

Contiguous

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13
Q

What genes are transcribed and translated to form enzymes responsible for the reassortment of the V, D, J, and C gene segments in thymocytes?

A

RAG genes, or recombination activating genes

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14
Q

Explain how the beta chain is formed.

A

Random joining of the D-beta and J-beta gene segments via RAG proteins, that also bring in a V-beta segment to be joined with it as well.

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15
Q

Explain how the alpha chain is formed.

A

Joining of the V-alpha and J-alpha gene segments via RAG proteins, that is also joined with a C-alpha region segment

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16
Q

True or False: With the attachment of the C-alpha gene segment with the VJ-alpha segment, is the alpha chain variable region complete.

A

False, the variable region of the alpha chain is complete following the joining of V-alpha and J-alpha

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17
Q

Are RAGs associated with NK cell receptor production?

A

No, they’re not

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18
Q

While RAG proteins can cleave genetic material to form complete segments for alpha and beta chains, what enzyme is associated with excise the intervening DNA to increase the diversity of TCRs?

A

DNA-dependent protein kinase

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19
Q

What step takes place first, within the selection process of thymocytes in the thymus?

A

Positive selection

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20
Q

What is involved with positive selection?

A

Thymocytes are tested to see if their TCR’s can bind to MHC I or MHC II molecules on thymic APC’s

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21
Q

Where in the thymus does positive selection occur?

A

Cortex

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22
Q

What happens if a TCR fails to recognize and bind to a MHC I or MHC II molecules on thymic APC’s, due to a failure to produce a TCR or that its TCR is defective?

A

It is sentenced to death, via apoptosis

23
Q

Following positive selection where to surviving thymocytes get tested on during negative selection?

A

Their ability to recognize MHC:antigen complexes

24
Q

What causes a thymocyte to survive the negative selection process?

A

High affinity binding to Self peptide:MHC complexes and Antigen:MHC complexes

25
Q

While alpha-beta T cells are MHC ________, gamma-delta T cells are MHC ___________.

A 
Alpha-Beta = MHC dependent
Gamma-Delta = MHC independent
26
Q

Why are early thymocytes considered double negative?

A

They have neither a CD4 or CD8 coreceptor

27
Q

When thymocytes do possess both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, they are considered -?

A

Double positive

28
Q

When a mature thymocytes has either a CD4 or CD8 coreceptor only, they are considered -?

A

Single positive

29
Q

What occurs to thymocytes during positive selection, besides the binding of their TCRs to MHC molecules?

A

Their commitment to CD4 or CD8 lineages, based on their individual affinity to either MHC I or MHC II molecules (which they have to bind to to pass positive selection)

30
Q

What happens to thymocytes to go from double positive to single positive?

A

It will turn or switch off the gene that is associated with the CD protein that is not associated with the MHC molecule that they have an affinity for

31
Q

Following passage of both positive and negative selection, as well as commitment to be a CD4 or CD8 thymocyte, what will happen?

A

CD8+ thymocytes become cytotoxic thymocytes; whereas, CD4+ thymocytes become either helper thymocytes or regulatory thymocytes

32
Q

What causes proliferation and differentiation of helper thymocytes to become Th1, Th2, or Th17 cells?

A

Antigen presentation

33
Q

What gene allows for thymic epithelial cells to express many of the proteins usually found in other tissues of the body, which prevents the continuance of thymocytes that can react to self cells (which would be eliminated during negative selection)?

A

AIRE gene or Autoimmune Regulator gene

34
Q

While B lymphocytes develop in either the _____ ______ or _________ _____, this process involves three stages - ________, _________ and ____________.

A

Bone Marrow or Cloacal Bursa

Maturation, Activation and Differentiation

35
Q

These three sources - ___ ___, ______ _____, and _____ ______ - serve as areas for B lymphocyte __________, which is the generation of mature immunocompetent B lymphocytes as a result of differentiation from ________ precursor cells.

A

Yolk sac, fetal liver, and bone marrow
Maturation
Lymphoid

36
Q

What must be present for Pro-B cells to mature into B lymphocyte precursor cells?

A

IL-7 and bone marrow stromal cells

37
Q

Where is IL-7 produced?

A

In the bone marrow, and also by thymic stromal cells in the thymus

38
Q

What effect does IL-7 have on IL-2 and its receptors?

A

It increases both the production of IL-2 and its receptors

39
Q

True or False: The constant region is identical in all antibodies of the same isotype, but differs in antibodies of different isotypes.

A

True

40
Q

What is the gene arrangement in maturing B cell receptors?

A

Germline to Dh to Jh, Vh to DhJh, and finally VhDhJh

41
Q

What allows for only the expression of VLJL, kappa or lambda?

A

Allelic exclusion, where one alleles is expressed and the other is silenced

42
Q

What causes a Pre-B cell to become an immature B cell?

A

Rearrangement of both the V, D, and J gene regions for the Heavy chains, and the V and J gene regions of the Light chains

43
Q

The combination or grouping of both Ig-alpha/Ig-beta and IgM, forms a -?

A

B Lymphocyte Cell Receptor Complex (BCR)

44
Q

Are BCRs of immature B cells functional? What happens if they happen to be stimulated?

A

No they are not, and if they are, they are eliminated or become unresponsive

45
Q

What Ig’s are present on fully mature B lymphocytes?

A

IgM and IgD

46
Q

A change in RNA coding of both heavy chains mu and delta, leads to -?

A

IgM and IgD expression, respectively

47
Q

What is clonal deletion, and how does it apply to B cells?

A

Similar to negative selection, those B cells that have a high affinity for self antigens are eliminated

48
Q

Mature B cells leave the bone marrow undergo activation and differentiation in the _________ to become plasma cells.

A

Periphery

49
Q

B cell receptors have 2 identical ______ and 2 identical _______ chains. The _____ chains are bound to H chains by _______ bonds.

A

Heavy
Light
Light

50
Q

Within the BCR complex, what portion serves as the signalling molecule?

A

Ig-alpha/ Ig-beta

51
Q

What terminal end of the H chain is highly variable and associated with the distal portions of the chain?

A

N-terminal

52
Q

What is the significance of the C-terminal end of the heavy chain in the BCR?

A

While expanding the cell membrane, it is identical for each BCR of that isotype

53
Q

Which end of the light chain is more variable?
A) C-terminal
B) N-terminal

A

B) N-terminal

RUSVM Immuno SPR 2020 (20 decks)

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