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RUSVM Immuno SPR 2020 > Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors > Flashcards

Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoietic, lymphoid, and inflammatory cells communicate via the production and synthesis of -?

A

Cytokines

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2
Q

Cytokines are low weight ________ or _________, which are produced by lymphocytes.

A

Proteins or Glycoproteins

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3
Q

Cytokines can be classified as __________ (cytokines produced by leukocytes, of which there are at least 37) or _________ (chemoattractants for chemotaxis).

A

Interleukins

Chemokines

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4
Q

True or False: The binding of interleukines along general receptors of cells can initiate or suppress signals.

A

False, must be to their specific receptors on cells

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5
Q

In the presence of a small concentration of cytokines, will they be able to bind to their receptors in order to initiate cell signaling?

A

Yes, as cytokines have a high affinity for their specific receptors

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6
Q

Define autocrine signaling.

A

The production of a cytokine by a cell, for it to only bind to its specific receptor on the same cell for stimulation

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7
Q

Define paracrine signaling.

A

The production of a cytokine by a cell, for it to bind to its specific receptor on nearby cell

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8
Q

Define endocrine signaling.

A

The production of a cytokine by a cell, for it to bind to its specific receptor on a cell in a distant part of the body

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9
Q

If IL-4 can lead to activation and differentiation of B cells, class switching of plasma cell immunoglobulins, and activate Mast cells to proliferate, what biological effect is this?

A

Pleiotropy

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10
Q

If both IL-10 and IL-4 are able to suppress inflammatory mechanisms to terminate those processes by binding to Macrophages and inducing the same response, what is this biological effect called?

A

Redundancy

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11
Q

If both IL-4 and IL-5 are required for B cell proliferation, what biological effect is this?

A

Synergism

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12
Q

If IFN gamma can be secreted to inhibit and block the binding of IL-4 to B cells, what is this biological effect called?

A

Antagonism

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13
Q

True or False: Viral proteins that share similar, if not exact, chemical characteristics to cytokines, can bind to those specific cytokine receptors along any cell.

A

True

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14
Q

Why are cytokines capable of binding to any cell?

A

They will have a high affinity for their specific receptors, which could be produced on any number of cells in the body

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15
Q

Of the three - Growth factors, Cytokines, Hormones - which of the following are produced based on external stimuli?

A

Cytokines and Hormones

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16
Q

Of the three - Growth factors, Cytokines, and Hormones - which of the following are able to participate in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling?

A

Cytokines

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17
Q

Of the three - Growth factors, Cytokines, and Hormones - which of the following can be produced by a variety of tissues, and are produced continuously?

A

Growth factors

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18
Q

Of - the three - Growth factors, Cytokines, and Hormones - which of the following is produced by specialized glands and are long-lived?

A

Hormones

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19
Q

What are some functions associated with cytokines?

A

Cellular and humoral immunity, Inflammatory induction, Hematopoietic regulation, Regulation of cells, Regulation of inflammatory responses (time and intensity), and Wound healing

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20
Q

IFN alpha, TGF beta, TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12, are produced by -?

A

Macrophages

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21
Q

Th2 cells are responsible for the production of what cytokines?

A

IL-4 and IL-5

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22
Q

Dendritic cells produce this cytokine, which activates NK cells, and influences the adaptive immune response, to promote Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

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23
Q

IFN alpha is associated with inducing an _______ state, and promoting B cell proliferation and differentiation, after production from ____________.

A

Antiviral

Macrophages

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24
Q

What cytokines are released into circulation to induce increased liver production of acute phase proteins during the inflammatory response?

A

TNF alpha, IL-1, and IL-6

25
Q

What cytokine, produced from macrophages and other cell types, is associated with inhibiting T cell and B cell proliferation, as well as inhibiting macrophages?

A

TGF beta

26
Q

What interleukin acts as an eosinophil activator? What cells produce this cytokine?

A

IL-5 by Th2 cells

27
Q

T cells produce IL-2, which has a variety of functions. What are some of those functions?

A

T and B cell proliferation, and NK cell activation

28
Q

While both IFN alpha and IFN beta promote the expression of MHC __ receptors, IFN gamma is associated with promoting the expression of -?

A

IFN alpha/ IFN beta = MHC I molecules

IFN gamma = MHC I and II molecules

29
Q 
Which of the following cells does not secrete cytokines capable of activating NK cells?
A) T cells
B) Th2 cells
C) Fibroblasts
D) Macrophages
A

B) Th2 cells

30
Q

What functions are associated with the cytokine produced by both Th2 cells and Mast cells?

A

IL-4 = Promotes Th2 differentiation and isotype switching to IgE

31
Q 
What cytokine is produced by endothelial cells in response to inflammatory processes?
A) IL-6
B) TNF alpha
C) IFN beta
D) IL-1
E) Two of the above
A

E) Two of the above (both IL-1 and IL-6)

32
Q

What protein groups are associated with cytokines?

A

Hematopoietins, Interferons, Chemokines, and TNF Family

33
Q

How many protein families of receptors are associated with cytokines? What are they?

A

4

Ig Superfamily, Class I (hematopoietin), Class II (interferon), and TNF receptors

34
Q

IL-1 will travel to the liver and bind to hepatocytic receptors, which are members of what protein family?

A

Ig Superfamily protein receptors

35
Q

Expressed on the cell surface, this family of receptors will be recognized by IL-2, IL, 12, G-CSF, GH, and Prolactin, among other ligands? What subfamilies are associated with this class?

A

Class I (hematopoietin) protein receptors
GM-CSF receptor subfamily (common beta subunit)
IL-2 receptor subfamily (common gamma subunit)
IL-6 receptor subfamily (common gp130 subunit)

36
Q

IL-10 will recognize protein receptors of what family? What other cytokines will be associated with this protein receptors family as well?

A 
Class II (interferon) protein receptors
IFN alpha, beta, and gamma,
37
Q

What receptor family will be associated with TNF alpha and TNF beta?

A

TNF protein receptors

38
Q

True or False: Composed of several subunits, cytokine receptor subunits will have separate functions for cytokine binding recognition and initiating intracellular signaling pathways.

A

False, as most cytokine receptors have only a few subunits, not several

39
Q

Will a cytokine have a strong or weak affinity for a double signaling subunit, cytokine receptor?

A

Weak, and only upon binding will it have an increased affinity

40
Q

True or False: A common signaling subunit is likely the cause for both redundancy and synergism.

A

False, it is either redundancy (binding with the second common subunit leads to the same signal produced) or antagonism (cytokine competition for the same subunit)

41
Q

If IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF are able to affect hematopoiesis, induce proliferation of neutrophils and degranulation of basophils, then they would act in a _______ manner.

A

Redundant

42
Q

IL-2 subfamily receptors have _ chains. What are they?

A

3

Alpha, beta, and gamma

43
Q

How many forms of the IL-2 receptors are there? Which form will have the highest affinity for IL-2?

A

3

Monomeric (lowest affinity), Dimeric, and Trimeric (highest affinity)

44
Q

Chemokines, which are small __________, regulate the adhesion process and chemotaxis during inflammation, as well as during _________ conditions.

A

Polypeptides

Homeostatic

45
Q

Chemokines, which are made in peripheral _______ ______ cells, the _____ _______, or even other tissues, will be induced by the presence of TNF ______.

A

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue cells
the Bone Marrow
TNF alpha

46
Q

What other roles, beside regulation of leukocyte extravasation and chemotaxis, are chemokines associated with?

A

Wound healing, angiogenesis, and cardiac and neural tissue development

47
Q

What subfamilies are there for chemokines?

A

C, CC, CXC, CX3C chemokine superfamilies

48
Q

How are the subfamilies or branches of chemokines divided?

A

Based on their cysteine motif, or the pattern of cysteine residues in the ligands

49
Q

C chemokines are associated with what structure?

A

2 cysteines bound side by side via disulphide bonds

50
Q

CC chemokines are associated with what structure?

A

2 cysteines are bound one after another, with their own side chains

51
Q

CXC chemokines are associated with what structure?

A

2 cysteines are separated by a single aa between them

52
Q

CX3C chemokines are associated with what structure?

A

2 cysteines are separated by 3 aa’s between them, as well as with a mucin domain attached

53
Q

Chemokine receptors are similar in structure to _ ______ __________ receptors, that are composed of _ transmembrane units and 3 intracellular subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma)

A

G couples protein (GPCRs)

54
Q

What chemokine is produced as a result of the interaction between IL-1 and IL-6 during inflammatory processes?

A

IL-8

55
Q

What type of chemokine receptor will bind CXC chemokines?

A

CXCR, or CXC receptors

56
Q

What type of chemokine receptor will bind CX3C chemokines?

A

CX3CR, or CX3C receptors

57
Q

chemokines?

A

CCR, or CC receptors

58
Q

What pro-inflammatory chemokines are associated with binding to CCRs?

A

MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta, to CCL3 and CCL4 respectively

59
Q

What pro-inflammatory chemokine is associated with binding to CX3CRs?

A

IL-8, to CX3CL8

RUSVM Immuno SPR 2020 (20 decks)

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