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Maternal Newborn > Newborn And Pediatric Final > Flashcards

Newborn And Pediatric Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common form of croup found in children

A

Viral

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2
Q

What age group does croup affect

A

Ages 6 months to 5 years

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3
Q

What are the most common causes of croup

A

Parainfluenza and RSV

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4
Q

What are symptoms of croup

A 
Rhinorrhea
Sore throat
LOW GRADE FEVER
BARKY COUGH
INSPIRATORY STRIDOR
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5
Q

What is treatment for croup

A

It depends on the severity.
IV
IM
ORAL CORTICOSTEROIDS and nebulized epinephrine
These meds open airways. Never give oral meds to to a kid in severe respiratory distress who has STRIDOR

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6
Q

Acute epiglottis

A

UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
LIFE THRESTENING EMERGENCY
RARLEY SEEN DUE TO VACCINATIONS ( current cases due to u immunized kids)
H. Influenza is the causative agent

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute epiglottis

A 
HIGH FEVER 
irritability 
Sore throat 
Hot potato voice 
INSPIRATORY STRIDOR 
Open mouth with protruding tongue
Excessive drooling 
Respiratory distress ( tripod position)
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8
Q

What is important to keep in mind while treating a kid with acute epiglottis

A

KEEP THE CHILD CALM. you do not want to obstruct the airway any further. Perform elective intubation by anesthesia and IV antibiotics and corticosteroids

  • have a tracheostomy kit at bedside in case intubation fails
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9
Q

How is acute epiglottis diagnosed

A

X Ray

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10
Q

What is bronchiolitis caused by

A

A virus

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11
Q

What is bronchiolitis most commonly caused by

A

RSV virus

Respiratory syncytial virus

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12
Q

What does bronchiolitis cause

A

Edema, inflammation, and damage to the bronchiolar epithelium

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13
Q

RSV antibodies are available for who

A

They are available via injection for the infants considered at high risk. ( low birth weight, preterm

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14
Q

What are clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis

A 
Wheezing
Rhinorhea
Tachypnea
Retractions
Coughing
Intermittent fever
Apneic spells
Cyanosis
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15
Q

How long is alveoli formed

A

It continues to grow for 5-8 yrs after birth

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16
Q

What are meds for bronchiolitis

A

Synagis ( IM INJECTION) given to premature infants to prevent RSV

Ribavirin ( antiviral) given to children who are hospitalized

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17
Q

What is therapeutic management for bronchiolitis

A

Humidifier oxygen
Adequate oral intake
Airway maintenance
BULB SYRINGE

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18
Q

What are clinical manifestations of pneumonia

A 
Cough
Tachypnea
Crackles
Decreased breath sounds
Chest pain
Retractions 
Nasal flaring 
Pallor to cyanosis
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19
Q

What are the types of pneumonia

A

Viral and bacterial
Only give bacterial pneumonia antibiotics. Treat the symptoms of viral pneumonia only do not give antibiotics. Viral pneumonia doesn’t show up in chest X-ray

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20
Q

What is asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent symptoms, airway obstruction, bronchial hyper responsiveness.
Inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.

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21
Q

What 4 categories are asthma classified in

A

Intermittent
Mild persistent
Moderate persistent
Severe persistent

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22
Q

What are triggers to asthma

A 
Allergens
Irritants
Exposure to chemicals
Exercise, cold air, changes in weather
Colds or infections
Animals
Meds, strong emotions, food additives, foods, 
Endocrine factors
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23
Q

What is the most chronic condition in children

A

Asthma

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24
Q

When do children usually experience symptoms of asthma

A

Before age 5

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25
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of asthma that may develop gradually or abruptly

A

Dyspnea
Wheezing
Coughing

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26
Q

What meds are used for asthma

A

Corticosteroids ( anti inflammatory) are used to reverse airway obstruction, control symptoms, and reduce bronchial hyper responsiveness in chronic asthma. Administered orally, IV, and inhaled
Prednisone and prednisolone
B adrenergic agonists ( short acting) albuterol, xopenex, terbutaline. They are used in acute exasberations.
Anticholinergics atropine and strove to. It treats acute bronchospasm

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27
Q

What is true of albuterol

A

Always use a spacer

It is a Rescue inhaler not to be given everyday

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28
Q

What is xopenex

A

Used if allergic to albuterol in asthma attacks

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29
Q

What is terbutaline

A

Used in asthmatic patients

Comes in IV form must be on a monitor it is for very sick kids

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30
Q

What is a metered dose inhaler

A

It is used to deliver inhaled medication

It must always be attached to a spacer to ensure all medication is delivered to the patient

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31
Q

What is needed for hydrocephalus

A

A shunt, to shunt the fluid away from the brain

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32
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Inherited autosomal recessive trait characterized by increased viscosity of the mucous gland secretions, striking elevations of sweat electrolytes, increased in several organic enzymatic constituents of saliva, abnormalities in autonomic nervous system

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33
Q

What is the earliest postnatal manifestation of cystic fibrosis

A
  • Meconium ileus ( failure to pass mecomium)
  • Thick secretions block the bile ducts causing PANCREATIC FIBROSIS
  • Steatorrhea
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34
Q

How is prolapse of the rectum caused

A

It is a GI complication of CYSTIC FIBROSIS caused by large, bulky, greasy stool, malnutrition, increased intra abdominal pressure secondary to cough.

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35
Q

What are Pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis

A
  • Produced by stagnation of mucous in the airways
  • Eventual bacterial colonization leading to destruction of lung tissue.
  • abnormal viscous and tenacious secretions are difficult to expectorate and gradually obstruct the bronchi and bronchioles amusing scattered areas of atelectasis and hyperinflation
36
Q

What are reproductive system complications of cystic fibrosis

A

Infertility

37
Q

What are growth and development complications of cystic fibrosis

A

Physical growth may be stunted due to decreased absorption of nutrients vitamins and fats

38
Q

What is therapeutic management for cystic fibrosis

A

Prevent or minimize pulmonary complication
Eat well balanced HIGH PROTEIN, HIGH CALORIE DIET
ENCOURAGE APPROPRIATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

39
Q

What is airway management for cystic fibrosis

A

Percuss for postural drainage
Bronchodilator to open bronchi for easier expectoration
DNase to decrease viscosity of the mucus
Nebulizer

40
Q

What is therapeutic management for cystic fibrosis

A

Pancreatic enzymes ( can’t live without them)
MUST BE TAKEN WOTH FOOD to ensure that it is mixed with food in the duodenum/it replaces the insufficiency
Enteric coated capsules
Swallowed whole or taken apart and sprinkled in food

41
Q

What is the most prevalent disease in early childhood and has a higher incidence in winter months

A

Otitis media

42
Q

What is otitis media mostly caused by

A

Bacteria

43
Q

What is true of otitis media

A

It usually follows a viral respiratory infection
RSV
INFLUENZA

44
Q

When does otitis media typically occur

A

Within the 1st 24 months

45
Q

What are risk factors for otitis media

A

Genetic predisposition

Living in a household that smokes

46
Q

What are predisposing factors of otitis media

A 
URI
ALLERGIES
DOWN SYNDROME
CLEFT PALATE
DAY CARE ATTENDANCE 
SECOND HAND SMOKE
BOTTLE PROPPING DURING FEEDING
  • breastfed babies have a lower incidence
47
Q

What are clinical manifestations of otitis media

A

Follows a URI
EARACHE
FEVER
PURULENT DISCHARGE

48
Q

What are symptoms of otitis media in infants and children

A 
Crying 
Restlessness/ irritability/ fussiness
Rub, hold, pull on affected ear
Rolling head from side to side 
Difficulty comforting child 
Loss of appetite,refusal to eat
49
Q

What are clinical manifestations for chronic otitis media

A

Hearing loss
Difficulty communicating
Feeling of fullness, tinnitus, vertigo

50
Q

What is true of a ruptured tympanic membrane

A

The child will no longer have pain

51
Q

What is therapeutic management of otitis media

A 
antibiotics 
Myringotomy ( drain the ear)
Tympanostomy tube placement 
Pain control 
Antipyretics
52
Q

How would one know the tympanic membrane has ruptured

A

Otoscope

53
Q

Differentiate between asthma and croup,

A

Asthmatic patients experience wheezes and croup kids experience STRIDOR

54
Q

Acute glomerular nephritis

A

Is an inflammation of the kidneys filtering mechanism - glomeruli
Frequently seen with kids with strep throat, can get it through toxins inhaled and excreted thru the urine
The antigen antibody complex attacks the body

55
Q

Acute glomerular nephritis is commonly seen in children of what age

A

2-12 yrs old

It’s more frequent in boys

56
Q

What are assessment findings of acute glomerular nephritis

A

Flu like symptoms

Fatigue, N/V , loss of appetite, abdominal pain, joint pain, irritability, anemia.

57
Q

What are characteristics of glomerular nephritis

A 
Hematuria
Cola colored urine 
Decreased urine output  
Increased ESR- indicates inflammation
Increased antistreptolysin o (ASO)- indicates a recent streptococcus infection 
Increased BP
58
Q

What is treatment of glomerular nephritis

A

Antibiotics
Antihpertensives
Clear diet
Bed rest avoid carbonated beverages and dark drinks

59
Q

What does billiary intresia affect

A

The liver

60
Q

When is it important to give iron and why

A

Fetal iron stores are depleted between 4-6 months

Intake of iron becomes essential

61
Q

What is reye syndrome

A

A disorder defined as toxic encephalopathy, assoc with damage to the brain, kidneys, and liver
ASSOC WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WHO TAKE ASPIRIN DO NOT GIVE ASPIRIN

62
Q

What age group does reye syndrome generally affect

A

Ages 4-12

63
Q

Why viral infections are Reye’s typically seen with

A

Respiratory infection
Chicken pox
Diarrhea

64
Q

What are nursing assessment of Reye’s syndrome

A

Neuro-Assess signs of ICP. AssessLOC
Assess vital signs frequently- fever
Monitor LFT because fats build up,in the liver
Prepare for CT SCAN

65
Q

What are interventions for reye syndrome

A

Initiate seizure precautions even if they don’t have seizures
Monitor I&O closely 2/3 IV maintenance fluid

66
Q

How would,you know someone has lead poisoning

A 
N/V 
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Pallor
Fatigue
Tachycardia 
Stunted growth
History of pica 
Behavior changes
Distractibility
Learning disabilities
67
Q

What are classifications of heart disease

A

Class 1- asymptomatic no limitation of activity no signs of insufficiency
Class 2- symptomatic with slight limitations of activity
Class3- symptomatic marked limitation of activity
Class 4- symptomatic inability to carry out any physical activity without symptoms

68
Q

What tests can be done during pregnancy to determine the extent of cardiac disease

A

EKG
PULSE OX
Chest x Ray ( late pregnancy 3rd trimester only)

69
Q

How much does blood volume increase during pregnancy

A

By 40%

70
Q

List common symptoms of cardiac de compensation in the pregnant woman

A 
Dyspnea, SOB, edema
Increased fatigue, palpitations 
Increased respiratory rate 
Feeling of being smothered (air hunger)
Frequent cough with or without blood 
Crackles over lungs
71
Q

Which classification of drugs is commonly used prophylactically for pregnant woman diagnosed with valvular or congenital cardiac disease

A

Antibiotic

72
Q

Types of abortion

A

Threatened/ some cramping, some backache, some bleeding CERVIX IS CLOSED
imminent/ cervix starts to dilate
Incomplete/ part of the products of conception are retained CERVIX IS DILATED

73
Q

Identify the condition that is performed to treat the condition of incompetent cervix ( recurrent premature dilation of the cervix)

A

Cerclage/ stitch placed in internal os in cervix to prevent spontaneous abortion or premature birth/dilation

74
Q

Characteristics of contractions

A

Frequency/ recorded in minutes
Duration/ recorded in seconds
Intensity/ how strong are the contractions

75
Q

What is a oxytocin given for

A

It is given after delivery to contract the uterus to prevent bleeding

76
Q

At 12 hr, where is the level of the fundus

A

At the level,of the umbilicus

77
Q

Failure of the uterus to contract is called what

A

Uterine atony

78
Q

Stage 1 of labor

A

The longest stage. There are 3 subphases.

  1. Latent
  2. Active
  3. Transition
79
Q

Describe the latent phase of the the first stage of labor

A

Begins with onset of regular contractions usually mild.
Little or no fetal descent is evident
Cervical dilation 0 to 3 cm
Averages 8.6 hours for 1st time moms not to exceed 20 hrs
Averages 5.3 hrs not to exceed 14 hrs
Contractions Q 3-30 min duration 30-40 sec

80
Q

Described the active phase of labor

A 
Intensification of contractions 
Fetal descent is progressive 
Cervix dilates 4 to 7 cm
Contractions Q 2-5 min  duration 40-60 seconds 
Contractions progress to strong
81
Q

Describe Transition phase of the first stage of labor

A

Last part of 1st stage of labor
Cervical dilation slows as it progresses to 8-10 cm
Should be no longer than 3 hrs for 1st time moms and 1 hr for multi paras

82
Q

2nd stage of labor

A

Begins when the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the birth of the infant
It usually occurs within 2 hrs after cervix is fully for primiparas and 15 min for multiparas.

83
Q

3rd stage of labor

A

Period of time from birth of infant until the completed delivery of the placenta

84
Q

4th stage of labor

A

The period of time from 1-4 hrs after birth in which psychological adjustment of the mothers body begins

85
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of domestic violence

A

Intimate partner violence

Sexual assault

86
Q

Identify the 3 phase in the cycle of violence

A

Tension building phase
Acute battering incident
Tranquil phase

87
Q

Identify the 4 rape trauma syndrome phases and list them in order

A

Acute phase or disorganization
Outward adjustment or denial phase
Reorganization phase
Integration phase

Maternal Newborn (26 decks)

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