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Special Stuff phase 1 > new new > Flashcards

new new Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of vesicle (imms)

A

lysosome, secretory, transport

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2
Q

3 types of cell surface receptor

A 
ion channel (opens)
g protein (activates protein causing ion channel to open)
enzyme linked (receptor linked to intracellular enzyme)
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3
Q

clathrin

A

protein that coats pits and then vesicles, in endocytosis (vesicle then binds to endosome in cell)

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4
Q

cell communication. 3 types

A

autocrine - same cell
paracrine- nearby
endocrine- into blood

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5
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

a substance that enhances the action of an enzyme

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6
Q

what unwinds dna from supercoiled-ness

A

topoisomerase

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7
Q 
eg of 
autosomal dominant
autosome recessive
sec linked (x)
A
  • huntingtons, polycystic kidney
  • cystic fibrosis, sickle cell
  • haemophilia, musclular dystrophy
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8
Q

which part of the nasal cavity does each paranasal sinus drain into

A

frontal- middle meatus
ethmoid- superior and middle meatus
maxillary- middle meatus sphenoid - sphenoethmoidal recess

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9
Q

pharynx constrictor muscles (3 of each)

A

circular

  • superior (oropharynx)
  • middle and inferior (laryngopharynx)

longitudinal

  • stylopharyngeus
  • palatopharyngeus
  • salpingopharyngeus
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10
Q

pharynx blood supply

A

external carotid

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11
Q

carotid sheath=

A

common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus

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12
Q

2 lobes of thyroid connected by

A

isthmus

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13
Q

thyroid blood supply

A

superioir thyroid artery= from external carotid

inferior thyroid artery = from subclavian

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14
Q

physical process of breathing (2)

A

ribsss

anteroposterior -anterioir part moves forward as well as up (pump handle )

transverse - middle part moves out as well as up (bucket handle)

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15
Q

muscles for active breathing

A

internal intercostals
pacmajor
sternocleidomastoid
abdominal muscles

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16
Q

trans pulmonary pressure

A

pressure difference between inside and outside of lungs

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17
Q

SASR

where
stimulated by
effect
whats it picking up

A

smooth muscle
lung distention
inhibits inspiration (begins expiration)
slow, so for chronic over inspiration

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18
Q

RASR
where
stimulated by
effect

A

between cells
irritants
bronchodilation

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19
Q

gel and coombs. what immunoglob for each, what kind of reaction. example

A
  1. igE. allergic - binds to mast cells that then release histamine and prostaglandins(hayfever)
  2. igM. immune system against foreign cells (blood transfusion)
  3. igG. deposits cause inflammation (lupus)
  4. T cells. learned immune response. (contact dermatitis)
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20
Q

epithelial barrier(3)

A

physical (blocks entry
chemical (proteases)
biological (endogenous bacteria)

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21
Q

t helper cells

how do they recognise threat
then what do they do

A

CD4 receptors recognise APCs
cytokines released- these stimulate B cells and T cytoxic
plus immunoglobulins indicate

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22
Q

t cytoxic cells recognise threat how

A

CD8 receptor recognises pathogen –> perforin released- breaks down cell (lysis (think lysosome))

plus immunoglobulins indicate

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23
Q

myosin structure

A

2 heavy alpha chains, 4 light beta chains

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24
Q

actin structure

A

double helix globular protein

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25
Q

tropomyosin structure

A

double peptide chain

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26
Q

mean arterial pressure equation

A

CO x TPR

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27
Q

left ventricular filling pressure=

A

difference between L atrial pressure and L ventricular diastolic pressure

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28
Q

endothelium produces what that controls circulation

A

endothelin- vasoconstrictor

NO, prostacyclin - vasodilator

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29
Q

hyperaemia =

when

A

increase in blood flow

  • higher metabolic activity
  • occlusion
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30
Q

types of aneamia

A
  • acute- bleeding
  • iron deficiency -less haemoglobin
  • pernicious - B12/ folate deficiency - rbc not produced quickly enough
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31
Q

floor of fourth ventricle=

A

rhomboid fossa

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32
Q

calvarium=

A

top part of skull, opposed to skull base

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33
Q

skull sutres (3)

A

coronal - between frontal and parietal
saggital- between parietal
lambdoid- between parietal and occipital

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34
Q

where do the cranial nerves ARISE FROM

A

cn1, 2- not from brainstem
cn3,4,- from midbrain
cn 5,6,7,8 - from pons
cn 9.10,11,12 - from medulla

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35
Q

how many bones fused to form coccyx

A

4

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36
Q

shape of the vertebral foramen and body of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

cervical- triangular foramen, oval body

thoracic- circular foramen, heart-shaped body

lumbar- triangular foramen, kidney-shaped body

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37
Q

intermediate muscles of the spine

  • names
  • role

role of superficial and deep muscles

A

superior and inferior serratus

rib movement

superficial- shoulder movement
deep-back movement

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38
Q

anterior vs lateral spinothalamic tract

A 
anterior= crude touch, pressure
lateral= temp, pain
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39
Q

where does spinothalamic tract synapse

A

3 orders= 2 synapses

  • substantia gelatinosa
  • thalamus
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40
Q

anterior vs later corticospinal tract

3 for each

A

anterior- decussated at medulla, 85%, going to limbs and digits

lateral- decussate at spinal cord, 15%, going to trunk

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41
Q

tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal

  • ipsi/contra
  • role
A

tecto= contra, head movement and visual stimuli

reticulo= ipsi, regulates vol movement

rubro- contr, fine movements

vestibulo=ipsi, balance and posture

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42
Q

adrenaline/acetyl choline— symp/para

peripheral

A

adrenaline= symp

acetyl choline= parasymp

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43
Q

summation types

A

spatial (multiple neurones)

temporal (multiple impulses from same neuron)

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44
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

where nasty shit synapses

it is in posterior horn

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45
Q

opioids action

A

prevent nociceptive stimuli reaching thalamus by

  • inhibits calcium movement (presynaptic)
  • k+ release to hyperpolarize membrane
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46
Q

muscle spindle intrafusal fibres innervated by

A

gamma motor neurons

prevent muscle spindle being slack during contraction- allows optimum stretch detection

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47
Q

Golgi tendon collagen fibres innervated by

A

afferent fibres

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48
Q

hair cells in organ of corti

A

1 row in inner
3 rows of outer

mechanoreceptors with protruding sterocilia

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49
Q

cerebellar lobes

A

anterior
posterior (beyond primary fissure, NOT horizontal fissure)
flocculonodular(sits anterior and superior to inferior part of cerebellum, just below the peduncle-y bit)

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50
Q

cerebellar output=

A

purkinje fibres

to dentate nucleus

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51
Q

types of bone

A

long- tubular, hollow, humerus

short- cuboidal, carpal bones

flat bones- curved, protection, skull

irregular bones- vertebra

sesamoid- round/oval, patella

52
Q

scapula and pelvis– are they axial or appendicular?????

A

thas right u guessed it, theyre appendicular the sly bastards

53
Q

calcium function

A

blood clotting

muscle and nerve function

54
Q

ligamentum teres is what

A

remnant of umbilical vein

55
Q

are sinusoids fenestrated capillaries?

A

no, they are discontinuous capillaries- they mix oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries with nutrient-rich blood from portal vein to make a very special and desirable mix for the lucky liver

56
Q

use of vitamins abcdek

A

a- retinal light adaptation and immune system
b- rbc production
c- collagen production and haemostasis
d- increase calcium and phosphate uptake in intestines
e- prevents rbc destruction, free radical protection
k- blood clotting (factors)

57
Q

source of vitamins adek

A

a- carrots, dairy, green veg
d- dairy, cod liver oil
e- veg oil, nuts
k- spinach, broccoli, kale

58
Q

enterocyte

A

small intestine absorbing cell

59
Q 
proper / active (idk) name of 
a
b
d
iron
A

a- retinol
b- folate
d - calcitrol
iron- ferritin

60
Q

iron stored where

A

hepatocytes and Kupffer cells

61
Q

vit a metabolism

A

into enterocytes, esterified, incorporated into chylomicrons- so travels in lymph (lacteals)n to liver. here it is de-estrified, bound to protein. stored in lipid in pericytes in sinusoids

62
Q

albumin made where

A

hepatocytes

63
Q

vldl and chylomcirons have what in common

made where

A

both transport triglycerides from liver to fat/tissues

vldl- hepatocytes
chylomicrons - enterocytes

64
Q

how is bile transported

A

micelles

canaliculi (damages cell membranes)

65
Q

fontane=

A

bit of sutres where more than one bone meets (not a line)

anterior and posterior on calvarium

66
Q

pretectal nucleus

A

involved in pupil light reflex (synapse site)

not involved in accommodation reflex

67
Q

top visual field loss

A

bottom of retina

temporal lobe issue on X side

68
Q

bottom visual field loss

A

top of retina

parietal lobe ,issue here

69
Q

location of nuclei in cn 1,2,3,4

A

1- olf bulb
2- lateral geniculate body
3- superior colliculi
4- inferior colliculi

70
Q

which cranial nerves are cns/pns

A 
cns= 1,2 (5)
pns = rest
71
Q

is subthalamic nucleus ipsi or contra

A

contra

72
Q

facet joint=

A

articular process

73
Q

enteric circulation
aka
function
2x plexus

A

intrinsic nervous system
autonomic nervous system in GI tract but also works independantly from cns
myenetric plexus- in muscularis propria
submucosal plexus- in submucosa

74
Q

superior mesenteric artery origin

A

L2

subcostal plane

75
Q

what seperates the rectus abdominus muscles

A

linea alba

76
Q

cardia of stomach=

A

superior opening

77
Q

what passes through the epiploic foramen (Winlow)

A

common bile duct
hepatic artery
portal vein

78
Q

large colon flexures

A

hepatic

splenic

79
Q

striated duct

  • secretes
  • absorbs
A

potassium
bicarbonate

na
cl

80
Q

serous acini secrete

A

amylase and water

81
Q

mucous acini secrete

A

mucous

82
Q

brain fuel

A

glucose ketones

83
Q

rbc fuel

A

glucose

84
Q

muscle fuel

A

glucose, triglycerides, amino acids

85
Q

gastric acid secretion

A

basal membrane: cl-/bicarb pump: cl in, bicarb out

apical membrane: h+/k+ pump: h in, k out

mg and cl diffuses into lumen

86
Q

where are pacemaker cells in stomach

A

fundus

87
Q

where is stomach peristalsis strongest

A

antrum

88
Q

problem with nsaids and tummy

A

nsaids inhibit / reduce prostaglandins so less mucous prodcued which is important for gastric defense mechanism

89
Q

water absoroption

A

na+ diffuses into enterocyte
na/k pump pushes na out and k in
water diffuses in via aquaporins (single file )

90
Q

where is iron absorbed

A

duodenum

91
Q

carbohydrate break down

protein break down

A

poly to disaccharide = amylases
di to monosaccharide= brush border enzymes from enterocytes
- then absorbed with help of na

similar! proteases make protein into peptides then brush border makes it into amino acids
- absorbed with help of na

92
Q

layers in scrotum

A 
skin
dartos muscle
external spermastic faschia (ext obl fash)
cremasteric muscle (int obl)
internalspermatic faschia (transv fash)
tunica vaginalis (peritoneum)
tunica albuginea
(tunica vasculosa) - kinda within
93
Q

innervation of testes

A

testicular plexus

94
Q

where do R and L testicular vein drain

A

L - left renal vein

R- IVC

95
Q

layers around kidney

A

capsule
perirenal fat
renal faschia - goes round kidneys and adrenal glands
pararenal fat

96
Q

kidney cortex produces..

A

EPO erythropoetin
promotes rbc formation in bone marrow
made in response to slightly low oxygen in blood

97
Q

shape of adrenal glands

A

R- pyramidal

L- semi lunar

98
Q

what cells in adrenal medulla

A

chromaffins cells - (secrete catecholamines)

99
Q

level of the origin of gonadal arteries off aorta

A

L2

to testes and ovaries

100
Q

level of suprarenal and renal arteries’ orgin off aorta

A

L1 –> adrenal

L1/2 –> kidney

101
Q

coeliac trunk level

A

L1

102
Q

posterior abdominal wall muscles

  • 3x names
  • location of thesse
  • innervation
A
  • psoas = medial (minor runs within major)
  • quadratus lumborum=lateral
  • iliacus = fan below quadratus lumborum and lateral to psoas
  • iliopsoas- (combined)- hip flexion
  • lumbar plexus (T12-L4)
103
Q

where do ureters enter the bladder

A

in the trigone (smooth walled, compared to the rugae), within the fundus

104
Q

blood supply to bladder

A

internal iliac artery

105
Q

female genitalia blood supply

A

internal iliac artery gives rise to uterine and vaginal artieries
ovaries (from gonadal arteries L2)off aorta

106
Q

muscles in penis

A

bulbospongiosus- (opposite of tip, root, corpus spong) expulsion when weeing

ischiocavernosus (opposite of tip, root, corpus cav) squeezing blood into dick

107
Q

penile ligaments x2

A

suspensory- from erectile tissue to pubic symphysis

fundiform - continuation of linea alba (rectus abdom), connects to pubic symphysis

108
Q

dartos muscle derived from

A

scarpas faschia (anterior abdom wall)

109
Q

glomerulus filters :
big/small
pos/neg

A 
big
neg (basement membrane has neg charge)

no uh to proteins

110
Q

PCT absorbtion

A

basolateral na/k pump
na acts as symporter (both in) for glucose and phosphate
na acts as a antiporter (na out, H+ in) for h+
bicarb mixes with h+ and then co2 anf h2o diffuse across (bicarb pumped actively into capillary at basolateral membrane

111
Q

PTH effect on kidneys

A

increase in calcium reabs

decrease in phosphate reabs (PCT)

112
Q

anp

3x effect

A

vasodilation
inhibits renin (RAAs)
decreases na reabs, more na excreted

so bp drops

113
Q

renal compensation for
resp acidosis

/alkalosis

A

more bicarb absorbed (DCT)

more h+ absorbed (PCT) and bicarb excreted (intercalated cells of collecting duct

114
Q

resp compensation for
renal acidosis

/alkalosis

A

hypervent

hypovent

115
Q

contents of dermis (constituents!)

A

papillary- type 3 collagen , fibroblasts

reticular- type 1 collagen, elastic fibres

116
Q

which endocrine hormone is pos feedback

A

oxytocin

when baby pushes into cervix
oxytocin causes contractions

117
Q

what hormones does hypothalamus produce

A 
gonadotropin releasing hormone
corticotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
thyroidotropin releasing hormone
..all stimulate anterior pit produc..
dopamine (inhibits prolactin)
118
Q

thyroid venous drainage

A

jugular vein

119
Q

t3=
t4=

how are they transported in the blood

A

triidothyrodine
thyroxine

bound to albumin and thyroxine binding protein

120
Q

prolactin effect

A

increases milk producing cells

121
Q

myometrium muscle layers

A

3

longitudinal circular longitudinal

122
Q

umbilical cord

A

2 umbilical artieries, wrapped around 1 umbilical vein

123
Q

LH affect on follicle

A

wall weakens, ovum released

124
Q

types of spermatagonia

A

A- remains outside blood-testis barrier

  • continue mitosis
    - mature dark to light to B

b- primary spermatocytes, matured from type A, move through the blood-testis barrier to then do meiosis

125
Q

sertoli cells release what in males
effect of this

feedback loops in males

A

inhibin
this inhibits anterior pituitary (LH, FSH)

FSH, LH respectively cause sertoli and leydig cells to release inhibin and testosterone

neg feedback x2- inhibin and testosterone:
testosterone then causes neg feedback to anterior pit and hypothal (GnRH)

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