new new Flashcards
3 types of vesicle (imms)
lysosome, secretory, transport
3 types of cell surface receptor
ion channel (opens) g protein (activates protein causing ion channel to open) enzyme linked (receptor linked to intracellular enzyme)
clathrin
protein that coats pits and then vesicles, in endocytosis (vesicle then binds to endosome in cell)
cell communication. 3 types
autocrine - same cell
paracrine- nearby
endocrine- into blood
what is a coenzyme
a substance that enhances the action of an enzyme
what unwinds dna from supercoiled-ness
topoisomerase
eg of autosomal dominant autosome recessive sec linked (x)
- huntingtons, polycystic kidney
- cystic fibrosis, sickle cell
- haemophilia, musclular dystrophy
which part of the nasal cavity does each paranasal sinus drain into
frontal- middle meatus
ethmoid- superior and middle meatus
maxillary- middle meatus sphenoid - sphenoethmoidal recess
pharynx constrictor muscles (3 of each)
circular
- superior (oropharynx)
- middle and inferior (laryngopharynx)
longitudinal
- stylopharyngeus
- palatopharyngeus
- salpingopharyngeus
pharynx blood supply
external carotid
carotid sheath=
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus
2 lobes of thyroid connected by
isthmus
thyroid blood supply
superioir thyroid artery= from external carotid
inferior thyroid artery = from subclavian
physical process of breathing (2)
ribsss
anteroposterior -anterioir part moves forward as well as up (pump handle )
transverse - middle part moves out as well as up (bucket handle)
muscles for active breathing
internal intercostals
pacmajor
sternocleidomastoid
abdominal muscles
trans pulmonary pressure
pressure difference between inside and outside of lungs
SASR
where
stimulated by
effect
whats it picking up
smooth muscle
lung distention
inhibits inspiration (begins expiration)
slow, so for chronic over inspiration
RASR
where
stimulated by
effect
between cells
irritants
bronchodilation
gel and coombs. what immunoglob for each, what kind of reaction. example
- igE. allergic - binds to mast cells that then release histamine and prostaglandins(hayfever)
- igM. immune system against foreign cells (blood transfusion)
- igG. deposits cause inflammation (lupus)
- T cells. learned immune response. (contact dermatitis)
epithelial barrier(3)
physical (blocks entry
chemical (proteases)
biological (endogenous bacteria)
t helper cells
how do they recognise threat
then what do they do
CD4 receptors recognise APCs
cytokines released- these stimulate B cells and T cytoxic
plus immunoglobulins indicate
t cytoxic cells recognise threat how
CD8 receptor recognises pathogen –> perforin released- breaks down cell (lysis (think lysosome))
plus immunoglobulins indicate
myosin structure
2 heavy alpha chains, 4 light beta chains
actin structure
double helix globular protein
tropomyosin structure
double peptide chain
mean arterial pressure equation
CO x TPR
left ventricular filling pressure=
difference between L atrial pressure and L ventricular diastolic pressure
endothelium produces what that controls circulation
endothelin- vasoconstrictor
NO, prostacyclin - vasodilator
hyperaemia =
when
increase in blood flow
- higher metabolic activity
- occlusion
types of aneamia
- acute- bleeding
- iron deficiency -less haemoglobin
- pernicious - B12/ folate deficiency - rbc not produced quickly enough
floor of fourth ventricle=
rhomboid fossa
calvarium=
top part of skull, opposed to skull base
skull sutres (3)
coronal - between frontal and parietal
saggital- between parietal
lambdoid- between parietal and occipital
where do the cranial nerves ARISE FROM
cn1, 2- not from brainstem
cn3,4,- from midbrain
cn 5,6,7,8 - from pons
cn 9.10,11,12 - from medulla
how many bones fused to form coccyx
4
shape of the vertebral foramen and body of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
cervical- triangular foramen, oval body
thoracic- circular foramen, heart-shaped body
lumbar- triangular foramen, kidney-shaped body
intermediate muscles of the spine
- names
- role
role of superficial and deep muscles
superior and inferior serratus
rib movement
superficial- shoulder movement
deep-back movement
anterior vs lateral spinothalamic tract
anterior= crude touch, pressure lateral= temp, pain
where does spinothalamic tract synapse
3 orders= 2 synapses
- substantia gelatinosa
- thalamus
anterior vs later corticospinal tract
3 for each
anterior- decussated at medulla, 85%, going to limbs and digits
lateral- decussate at spinal cord, 15%, going to trunk
tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
- ipsi/contra
- role
tecto= contra, head movement and visual stimuli
reticulo= ipsi, regulates vol movement
rubro- contr, fine movements
vestibulo=ipsi, balance and posture
adrenaline/acetyl choline— symp/para
peripheral
adrenaline= symp
acetyl choline= parasymp
summation types
spatial (multiple neurones)
temporal (multiple impulses from same neuron)
substantia gelatinosa
where nasty shit synapses
it is in posterior horn
opioids action
prevent nociceptive stimuli reaching thalamus by
- inhibits calcium movement (presynaptic)
- k+ release to hyperpolarize membrane
muscle spindle intrafusal fibres innervated by
gamma motor neurons
prevent muscle spindle being slack during contraction- allows optimum stretch detection
Golgi tendon collagen fibres innervated by
afferent fibres
hair cells in organ of corti
1 row in inner
3 rows of outer
mechanoreceptors with protruding sterocilia
cerebellar lobes
anterior
posterior (beyond primary fissure, NOT horizontal fissure)
flocculonodular(sits anterior and superior to inferior part of cerebellum, just below the peduncle-y bit)
cerebellar output=
purkinje fibres
to dentate nucleus
types of bone
long- tubular, hollow, humerus
short- cuboidal, carpal bones
flat bones- curved, protection, skull
irregular bones- vertebra
sesamoid- round/oval, patella
scapula and pelvis– are they axial or appendicular?????
thas right u guessed it, theyre appendicular the sly bastards
calcium function
blood clotting
muscle and nerve function
ligamentum teres is what
remnant of umbilical vein
are sinusoids fenestrated capillaries?
no, they are discontinuous capillaries- they mix oxygenated blood from hepatic arteries with nutrient-rich blood from portal vein to make a very special and desirable mix for the lucky liver
use of vitamins abcdek
a- retinal light adaptation and immune system
b- rbc production
c- collagen production and haemostasis
d- increase calcium and phosphate uptake in intestines
e- prevents rbc destruction, free radical protection
k- blood clotting (factors)
source of vitamins adek
a- carrots, dairy, green veg
d- dairy, cod liver oil
e- veg oil, nuts
k- spinach, broccoli, kale
enterocyte
small intestine absorbing cell
proper / active (idk) name of a b d iron
a- retinol
b- folate
d - calcitrol
iron- ferritin
iron stored where
hepatocytes and Kupffer cells
vit a metabolism
into enterocytes, esterified, incorporated into chylomicrons- so travels in lymph (lacteals)n to liver. here it is de-estrified, bound to protein. stored in lipid in pericytes in sinusoids
albumin made where
hepatocytes
vldl and chylomcirons have what in common
made where
both transport triglycerides from liver to fat/tissues
vldl- hepatocytes
chylomicrons - enterocytes
how is bile transported
micelles
canaliculi (damages cell membranes)
fontane=
bit of sutres where more than one bone meets (not a line)
anterior and posterior on calvarium
pretectal nucleus
involved in pupil light reflex (synapse site)
not involved in accommodation reflex
top visual field loss
bottom of retina
temporal lobe issue on X side
bottom visual field loss
top of retina
parietal lobe ,issue here
location of nuclei in cn 1,2,3,4
1- olf bulb
2- lateral geniculate body
3- superior colliculi
4- inferior colliculi
which cranial nerves are cns/pns
cns= 1,2 (5) pns = rest
is subthalamic nucleus ipsi or contra
contra
facet joint=
articular process
enteric circulation
aka
function
2x plexus
intrinsic nervous system
autonomic nervous system in GI tract but also works independantly from cns
myenetric plexus- in muscularis propria
submucosal plexus- in submucosa
superior mesenteric artery origin
L2
subcostal plane
what seperates the rectus abdominus muscles
linea alba
cardia of stomach=
superior opening
what passes through the epiploic foramen (Winlow)
common bile duct
hepatic artery
portal vein
large colon flexures
hepatic
splenic
striated duct
- secretes
- absorbs
potassium
bicarbonate
na
cl
serous acini secrete
amylase and water
mucous acini secrete
mucous
brain fuel
glucose ketones
rbc fuel
glucose
muscle fuel
glucose, triglycerides, amino acids
gastric acid secretion
basal membrane: cl-/bicarb pump: cl in, bicarb out
apical membrane: h+/k+ pump: h in, k out
mg and cl diffuses into lumen
where are pacemaker cells in stomach
fundus
where is stomach peristalsis strongest
antrum
problem with nsaids and tummy
nsaids inhibit / reduce prostaglandins so less mucous prodcued which is important for gastric defense mechanism
water absoroption
na+ diffuses into enterocyte
na/k pump pushes na out and k in
water diffuses in via aquaporins (single file )
where is iron absorbed
duodenum
carbohydrate break down
protein break down
poly to disaccharide = amylases
di to monosaccharide= brush border enzymes from enterocytes
- then absorbed with help of na
similar! proteases make protein into peptides then brush border makes it into amino acids
- absorbed with help of na
layers in scrotum
skin dartos muscle external spermastic faschia (ext obl fash) cremasteric muscle (int obl) internalspermatic faschia (transv fash) tunica vaginalis (peritoneum) tunica albuginea (tunica vasculosa) - kinda within
innervation of testes
testicular plexus
where do R and L testicular vein drain
L - left renal vein
R- IVC
layers around kidney
capsule
perirenal fat
renal faschia - goes round kidneys and adrenal glands
pararenal fat
kidney cortex produces..
EPO erythropoetin
promotes rbc formation in bone marrow
made in response to slightly low oxygen in blood
shape of adrenal glands
R- pyramidal
L- semi lunar
what cells in adrenal medulla
chromaffins cells - (secrete catecholamines)
level of the origin of gonadal arteries off aorta
L2
to testes and ovaries
level of suprarenal and renal arteries’ orgin off aorta
L1 –> adrenal
L1/2 –> kidney
coeliac trunk level
L1
posterior abdominal wall muscles
- 3x names
- location of thesse
- innervation
- psoas = medial (minor runs within major)
- quadratus lumborum=lateral
- iliacus = fan below quadratus lumborum and lateral to psoas
- iliopsoas- (combined)- hip flexion
- lumbar plexus (T12-L4)
where do ureters enter the bladder
in the trigone (smooth walled, compared to the rugae), within the fundus
blood supply to bladder
internal iliac artery
female genitalia blood supply
internal iliac artery gives rise to uterine and vaginal artieries
ovaries (from gonadal arteries L2)off aorta
muscles in penis
bulbospongiosus- (opposite of tip, root, corpus spong) expulsion when weeing
ischiocavernosus (opposite of tip, root, corpus cav) squeezing blood into dick
penile ligaments x2
suspensory- from erectile tissue to pubic symphysis
fundiform - continuation of linea alba (rectus abdom), connects to pubic symphysis
dartos muscle derived from
scarpas faschia (anterior abdom wall)
glomerulus filters :
big/small
pos/neg
big neg (basement membrane has neg charge)
no uh to proteins
PCT absorbtion
basolateral na/k pump
na acts as symporter (both in) for glucose and phosphate
na acts as a antiporter (na out, H+ in) for h+
bicarb mixes with h+ and then co2 anf h2o diffuse across (bicarb pumped actively into capillary at basolateral membrane
PTH effect on kidneys
increase in calcium reabs
decrease in phosphate reabs (PCT)
anp
3x effect
vasodilation
inhibits renin (RAAs)
decreases na reabs, more na excreted
so bp drops
renal compensation for
resp acidosis
/alkalosis
more bicarb absorbed (DCT)
more h+ absorbed (PCT) and bicarb excreted (intercalated cells of collecting duct
resp compensation for
renal acidosis
/alkalosis
hypervent
hypovent
contents of dermis (constituents!)
papillary- type 3 collagen , fibroblasts
reticular- type 1 collagen, elastic fibres
which endocrine hormone is pos feedback
oxytocin
when baby pushes into cervix
oxytocin causes contractions
what hormones does hypothalamus produce
gonadotropin releasing hormone corticotropin releasing hormone growth hormone releasing hormone thyroidotropin releasing hormone ..all stimulate anterior pit produc.. dopamine (inhibits prolactin)
thyroid venous drainage
jugular vein
t3=
t4=
how are they transported in the blood
triidothyrodine
thyroxine
bound to albumin and thyroxine binding protein
prolactin effect
increases milk producing cells
myometrium muscle layers
3
longitudinal circular longitudinal
umbilical cord
2 umbilical artieries, wrapped around 1 umbilical vein
LH affect on follicle
wall weakens, ovum released
types of spermatagonia
A- remains outside blood-testis barrier
- continue mitosis
- mature dark to light to B
b- primary spermatocytes, matured from type A, move through the blood-testis barrier to then do meiosis
sertoli cells release what in males
effect of this
feedback loops in males
inhibin
this inhibits anterior pituitary (LH, FSH)
FSH, LH respectively cause sertoli and leydig cells to release inhibin and testosterone
neg feedback x2- inhibin and testosterone:
testosterone then causes neg feedback to anterior pit and hypothal (GnRH)
