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Special Stuff phase 1 > Also > Flashcards

Also Flashcards

1
Q

Ecf vs icf constitution

Esp na
also - k, cl, carbonate, phosphate

A

Ecf— high nacl, carbonate

Icf— high k, mg phosphate ions

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2
Q

Hypotonic vs hypertonic

Osmolality and water/solute balance

A

Hypotonic=

Low osmolality
High water, low dissolved solute

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3
Q

Sensible water loss

A

Not pure. Notice

Urine
Blood
Faeces

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4
Q

Insensible water loss

A

Pure. Not noticed

Skin
Lungs

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5
Q

What nerves supply
myocardium
Pericardium

A

Vagus

Phrenic

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6
Q

Heart failure means
Symptoms
Lung??

A

Less efficient muscle
Fluid build up (co increase so fluid pushed out)
This accumulates in lung is left side failing- can’t pump it out

Pulmonary hypertension causes right heart failure as it is tired by pumping into high pressure lung

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7
Q

Cause of type 1 resp failure

A 
Vq mismatch (inflammation, hypoxia)
Shunt
Diffusion impairment (oedema, low rbc, fibrosis)
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8
Q

Cause of type 2 resp failure

A 
Muscle weakness 
Obesity
Airway resistance
Emphysema—> airways collapse and trap air
Long term copd
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9
Q

Type one resp failure effect

A

Hyperventilation
Low oxygen
Normal/low co2

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10
Q

Type two resp failure effects

A

Hypoventilation
Low oxygen
High co2

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11
Q

Problem with co2 treatment

A

High levels of co2 so receptors desensitise so resp drive (co2 normally) decreases.
Hypoventilation

Oxygen is given to help copd (supply body with oxygen) but this further reduces respiratory drive.

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12
Q

Intercostal muscles supplies by

A

Intercostal nerve
(External involves with inhalation and passive exhalation.
Internal involved in forced exhalation)

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13
Q

Duodenum parts and levels

A
  1. Superior L1
  2. Descending L1-L3 ampulla of vater- in come common bile duct and pancreatic duct
  3. Inferior L3
  4. Ascending L3-2 sharp flexure into jej
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14
Q

Oesophagus muscle layers

A

Internal circular/transverse

External longitudinal

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15
Q

Gi tract muscularis externa/propria layers of muscle

A

Inner longitudinal

Outer circular/transverse

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16
Q

Ph of gastric acid

A

2

17
Q

PHEX=

A

blocks FGF-23 (osteoclasts produce this, it reduces phosphate)
so PHEX raises phosphate levels
and increases vit D levels

18
Q

XLH=

A

loss of PHEX. so lots of FGF 23
so low active vit D
and low serum phosphate
treated with calcium

19
Q

what creates resorption cavities

A

osteclasts digests bone leaving dips called resorption cavities. osteoblasts fill these in

20
Q

growth plate called

A

epiphyseal plate

21
Q

Golgi body functions

A

receive vesicles from SER - cis
modify compounds (adds sugars) -medial
sorts molecules, activates peptides, excretes vesicles - trans
lysosome production

22
Q

SER function (2)

A

lipid synthesis

processes and stores RER proteins

23
Q 
mitochondria- 
inner membrane= 
intermembranous space=
outer membrane=
matrix =
A
  • lipid synth, fatty acid metabolism
  • nucleotide phosphorylation- adp–> atp
  • respiratory chain-atp
  • krebs
24
Q

antibiotics kill bacteria how

A

get in the way of

  • translation
  • transcription
  • dna replication
  • cell wall synthesis
  • folate synthesis
25
Q

cephalic phase what is the thaaang that does the stimulation, released after sight, smell, taste, thought, chewing

(turning off=)

A

vagus- ach (parasymp)

less parasymp stimulation

26
Q

zymogen=

A

enzyme precursor (eg pepsinogen)

27
Q

gastric phase
on- triggers x2

off- trigger

A

gastric distention,
peptides/amino acid in stomach lumen

low ph

28
Q

protein stomach effects x2

A

1- gastric phase triggering – gastrin release from g cells… so parietal cells secrete gastric acid

2- buffer- mops up H+ so D cells inhibited so less somatostatin, so more parietal secreting gastric acid

29
Q

intestinal phase triggers (x4)

are they on/off

A

duodenal low ph
duodenal distention
amino acids and fatty acid content in duodenum
hypertonic lumen (more content than in wall cells)

off

30
Q

intestinal phase effects

A

ach decrease

enterogastrones released- cck (i cells) and secretin

effect= less gastric acid

Special Stuff phase 1 (24 decks)

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