general suger . Youve Got To Be KIDding NEY

Question 1

Pre renal kidney injury causes
Main
And so

Answer 1

Reduced blood flow

Blood loss
D and v
Heart failure/attack
Nsaids reduce prostaglandins so vasoconstriction prevented
Allergies- histamine vasodilator

Question 2

Renal kidney injury causes

Main
Then

Answer 2

Kidney ugh 
Sepsis (infection) - inflammation
Tumours 
Tubular necrosis nephritis 
Vasculitis (stiff )

Question 3

Post renal kidney injury causes

Main
Also

Answer 3

Blockage of urinary tract

Tumours- bladder kidney prostae (inc benign prostate enlargement)
Kidney stones
Blood clots

Question 4

chorion=

Answer 4

outermost layer of trophoblasts

where chorionic villi project from

Question 5

septum= (placenta)

Answer 5

protruding part of mother’s endometrium, un’eroded’ by chorionic villi enzymes, seperates pools of placental sinus/mothers blood around chorionic villi

Question 6

decidua

Answer 6

part of mother’s endometrium in placenta- layer below the septums and maternal blood in intervillous space

Question 7

which mucus helps and which hinders sperm transport

Answer 7

helps= thin, alkaline, secreted in proliferative/follicular phase (1-14)

hinders= thick, acidic, secreted in luteal phase (15-28), prevents polyspermy

Question 8

labour : chain reaction

Answer 8

fetus–> ant pit –> ACTH –> placenta –> less prog, more oes —> prostaglandins (from uterine tissues) increase –> oxytocin (from post pit) increase –> uterine contraction

Question 9

when hcg, oes and prog high in pregnancy

roles of hcg, oes, prog in pregnancy

Answer 9

hcg- spike early on.

• produced by trophoblasts
• matures placenta
• maintains corpus luteum and stimulates its production of oes and prog

oes and prog- low at start, then rise, oes higher than prog
- stops progressive menstrual cycles (hpg axis: low gnrh so low fh and lsh)

-oes : stimulates uterine muscle growth
, prepares breasts

• prog: inhibits uterine muscle contraction (prevents miscarriage)
• maintains thick endometrium

Question 10

morula

Answer 10

ball of cells (16 ish)
totipotent
before=zygote

Question 11

blastocyst

Answer 11

from morula/blastula

two distinct layers- outer= trophectoderm (made from trophoblasts) inner= inner cell mass - embryonic

Question 12

blastula

Answer 12

after morula, before blastocyst

Question 13

post fertilisation stages order

Answer 13

capacitation (sperm)
acrosomal reaction
cortical granules released
syngamy (pronuclei fuse (pronuclear membranes break down))
cleavage
morula
blastocyst
compaction 
hatching (zone pellucida breaks down)
implantation

Question 14

compaction=

Answer 14

cells of blastocyst flatten, tight junctions, sona pellucida thins, outer cells polarized

Question 15

implantation stages

Answer 15

apposition (orientation)
attachment (adhesions from trophoblast projections)
invasion (chorionic villi –> placenta)

Question 16

noradrenaline adrenaline

general function
difference
receptors

Answer 16

response to stress- increase hr, bp, vasoconst

adrenaline dilates airways
noradrenaline sends blood to skeletal

alpha- mainly noradrenaline – vasocon/dil
beta-mainly adrenaline –
1- amylase secretion
2- bronchodilation (airway tone- sympathetic)
3- lipolysis in adipocytes

Question 17

adrenal gland arteries and what they come off

Answer 17

superior adrenal  (inferior phrenic artery)
middle adrenal (abdominal aorta)
inferior adrenal (renal arteries)

Question 18

adrenal gland veins

Answer 18

R to IVC

L to L renal vein