gross

Question 1

ros=

Answer 1

reactive oxygen series
highly reactive oxygen– contains free radicals (unpaired electron in orbit) or something that easily become a free radical

Question 2

what do ros attract

Answer 2

electron (commonly hydrogen)

Question 3

ros exogenous/ endogenous

Answer 3

exog= uv light, tobacco, drugs
endog= oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain, NADPH

Question 4

fenton equation

Answer 4

transition metals catalyse
H202 + fe2+ –> fe3+ +
OH(dot/radical) + OH-

Question 5

haber weiss equation

Answer 5

02 (dot/radical) - (both dot and minus) +H2O2 –> 02 +H20 +OH (dot/free rad)

Question 6

what ON EARTH is relevant about fucking reactive oxygen series

Answer 6

they are lipid soluble- so have power to infiltrate cells and shit

they cause damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucelic acids
- dna mutations
parkinson
diabetes
renal failure
emphysema

Question 7

what do we do about pesky ros

Answer 7

antioxidant enzymes and vitamins protect us

Question 8

resp acidosis causes

Answer 8

hypOventilation, copd

inefficient co2 removal

Question 9

resp alkalosis causes

Answer 9

hypER ventilation, too much co2 gone

Question 10

metabolic acidosis causes

Answer 10

hco3 isnt being excreted from kindey enough- so too much is reabsorbed into blood– renal failure

Question 11

metabolic alkalosis causes

Answer 11

too much hco3 gone, vomitting

Question 12

resp acidosis levels

Answer 12

highco2

high hco3

Question 13

resp alkalosis levels

Answer 13

low co2

low hco3

Question 14

metabolic acidosis levels

Answer 14

low hco3 (to compensate for problem)
low co2

Question 15

metabolic alkalosis levels

Answer 15

high hco3 (kidney reabsorbs more to make up for chunder)
high co2

Question 16

ecg p means

Answer 16

atrial depolarization

Question 17

ecg qrs means

Answer 17

ventricular depolarization

Question 18

ecg t means

Answer 18

ventricular repolarizartion

Question 19

ecg lines up with wiggers how??

Answer 19

qrs spike is at beginning of ventricular pressure rise

p is is at beginning of slow atrial pressure rise, sort of mid ejection as ventricular and aortic pressure peaks

Question 20

pr interval means

and how long

Answer 20

delay between av node and his-purkinje

120-200msec

Question 21

st segment means

abnormally elevated when

Answer 21

time between ventricular de and repolarization

elevated in acute injury/infarction

Question 22

qt interval means

effect of heart rate

Answer 22

time of depolarization plus repolarization

heart rate increase causes qt interval to shorten

Question 23

ketogenesis : what to what

then what two things does this become

Answer 23

2!!! x acetyl coa (from fatty acid beta oxidation) –> acetoacetate

acetone, beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 24

when ketoacidosis

Answer 24

too much ketogenesis

• chronic alcohol abuse - low carbohydrate level stimulates ketogenesis
• diabetics - insulin inhibits, so inadequate dose or increased requirement causes more ketogenesis
• starvation (low carb)

Question 25

fatty acid oxidation cycle

• what to what
• 4 process

Answer 25

acyl coa –> acyl coa with 2 fewer carbons, and acetyl coa (ketogenesis or krebs)
- oxidation, hydration, oxidation, thyolysis

Question 26

fatty acid activation: what to what (2 steps)

Answer 26

fatty acid to acyl adenylate (atp needed)
acyl adenylate to acyl coa (acyl coa synthase)
then acyl coa into mitochondria