msk cram Flashcards
1
Q
what released from sarcolemma
A
na+
2
Q
what released from sarcoplasmic reticulum
A
ca+
3
Q
when is ATP released in contraction
A
- atp hydrolyzed to adp and pi to cause energy for cocking position and pi released, initiating power stroke
- adp released after power stroke
- another atp binds to myosin to unbind myosin and actin so myosin can attach to another actin binding site
4
Q
tropomodulin
A
caps on minus end of actin (near m line)
5
Q
cap z
A
caps on plus end of actin - attaches to z line
6
Q
difference between slow (type 1) and fast (type 2) twitch muscle fibres
(4ish)
A
- slow fibres aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation) , fast fibres anaerobic (glycotic)
- slow are more metabolically economical, 38 xATP compared to 2xATP +lactic acid from fast fibres
- fast fibres fatiguable – lactic acid lowers sarcoplasm pH so muscles work less well
- fast fibres contain fewer mitochondria and higher glycogen stores
type 2= 2a (mix of both types) and 2b (just glycolysis type)
7
Q
thyroid gland releases calcatonin, effect on calcium
A
less resorption, lower ca2+ (opposite to PTH)
8
Q
fgf 23
- from
- release caused by
- effect
A
osteocytes
phosphate, PTH
less active vit D, less kidney reabsorption – so less phosphate
9
Q
trapezius
innervated by
action
A
Accessory (cn11)
elevate, depress, adduct scapula
10
Q
deltoid
innervated by
action
A
axillary
arm abduction 15-90 degrees
11
Q
subscapularis
innervated by
action
A
axillary
medially rotates arm
12
Q
biceps brachii
innervation
action
A
elbow flex
forearm suppination
musculocutaneous
13
Q
triceps brachii
innervation
action
A
radial
elbow extension
14
Q
brachialis
innervation
action
A
elbow flex (main) musculocutaneous
15
Q
coracobrachialis (superior, proximal)
innervation
action
A
flex shoulder
musculocutaneous
16
Q
pronator teres and pronator quadratus
- innervation
- how to spot them
A
- quadratus is like a anterior wristband
teres crosses upper forearm medial elbow to lateral (radius)
-median nerve
17
Q
flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris
- action
- innervation
A
carpi= wrist so flexes wrist, and abduct/adduct depending on which side
- radialis= median
- ulnaris = ulnar nerve
18
Q
palmaris longus
- action
- attaches to
- inntercation
A
- flex wrist
- palmar faschia
- median
19
Q
- flexor digitorum superficialis vs profundis
- innervation- (Excpet)
A
- superficialis goes to middle phalanges and profundis goes to distal phalynx
- all median except4/5 profundis fingers, which are ulnar
20
Q
carpal bones
thumb-pinky, two rows
A
scaphoid
luneate
triquetrium
pisiform
trapzius
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
21
Q
opponenes pollicus
- action
- innevation
A
- opposes thumb- makes it point to pinky
- median
22
Q
all pollicus innervation=
except=
A
median
abductor pollicis brevis= ulnar
abductor pollicis longis = radial (posterior forearm)
extensor pollicis longis and brevis = radial (post forearm)
23
Q
interosseri
- action
- innervation
A
- palmar ones (x3, no middle finger) - adduct, dorsal onees (x4 - no pinky- this is abductor digiti minimi)- abduct (PADOUT)
- ulnar
24
Q
lumbricals
- where
- action
- innervation
A
- attach from flexor profundis tendon to extensor tendon
- they flex metacarpo join and straighten finger (interphalangeal joints)
- medial 2= ulnar
lateral 2= median
25
all extensor muscles innervation =
radial
| posterior forarm is all radial
26
opponens digit minimi
- action
- innervation
- opposes little finger- faces thumb
| - ulnar
27
in thenar eminence=
base of thumb:
- abductor pollicis brevis,
- flexor pollicis brevis
- opponens pollicis
- adductor pollicis
28
in hypothenar eminence
base of pinky:
- abductor digit minimi
- flexor digiti minimi
- opponens digiti minimi
29
rotator cuff muscles and attachments
```
muscles= SITS
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
terres minor
subscapularis
```
```
attachments = SPILT
superior greater tubercle
posterior greater tubercle
inferior greater rubercle
lesser tubercle
```
30
brachioradialis
where
action
innervation
elbow flex
radial
posterior component of forearm, lateral
31
supinator
innervation
where
radial
| posterior component of forearm, lateral, just below elbow of course
32
abductor pollicus longus
- where
- innervation
in posterior arm (not hand like the brevis)
| radial
33
hand blood supply and drainage
ulnar --(lateral to pisiform)--> superficial arch
radial --(snuff box)--> deep arch
drainage= back of hand
34
hand muscles nerve
LLOAF = median
- lateral lumbricals
- oponens pollicis
- adductor pollicis
- flexor pollicus brevis
others =ulnar
35
which nerve runs through carpals tunnel
median nerve
36
anterior compartment of thigh
- innervation
- blood supply
- large muscle group
- other muscles
femoral nerve
femoral artery
quads (vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis and rectus femoris)
sartorius, iliopsoas
37
iliopsoas action
hip flex
38
sartorius
action
where
hip flex and abduct
flex knee
anterioir superioiriliac spine (lateral) to tibia (medial), divides anterior and medial compartments of thigh
39
rectus femoris action
part of quads
flexs hip
extends knee
40
vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius action
part of quads
| extends knee
41
medial compatment
- muscles
- innervation
- hiatus?
adductor muscles x4 - longis, brevis (deep to longis) , magnus (deep to longis and brevis), gracillus
- motor= obturator
- sensory= obturator for lower 2/3. genitofemoral for upper 1/3
- adductor hiatus is within adductor magnus (v shaped defect due to 2 insertions)
42
quadriceps where
anterior compartment
all insert to common tendon
rectus femorus comes from two bit of pelvis (is bipenate)
vastus x3 originate from femur
43
muscles in gluteal region
innervation
action
gluteal maximus, medius and minimus
maximus= inferior gluteal nerve, extends thigh
medius and minimus= superior gluteal nerve, abducts and medially rotates thigh
44
posterior compartment of the thigh
- muscles
- artery
- action
- innervation
biceps femoris- knee flex
semitendinosus- knee flex, hip extention
semembranosus - knee flex, hip extension (lies under semitendonosus but is visible because it is broader)
sciatic nerve
inferior gluteal artery
45
leg (lower bit of lower limb)
3 compartments=
artery=
nerve=
anterior (ATDeeP)
- (anterior) tibial artery
- deep peroneal nerve
lateral (LP SuperP
- peroneal artery
- superficaial peroneal nerve
posterior (PTitieTitie)
- (posterior) tibial artery
- tibial nerve
all nerves (tibial and peroneal are branches of the sciatic)
46
another word for peroneal artery
femoral
47
plantarflexion vs dorsiflexion
```
ballet foot= plantarflexion
foot like after cramp = dorsiflexion
```
48
anterior and lateral leg compartments
: muscles and their action and innervation
(4(/5) groups)
ANTERIOR ---deep peroneal nerve
toe extnesors= extned toes and dorsiflex feet
tibialis anterior= dorsiflex and inverts foot
fibularis tertius= dorsiflex and everts foot
LATERAL ----superficial peroneal nerve
fibularis longus and brevis = plantiflex foot and foot eversion,
49
posterior leg: muscles and their action and their innervation
- innervation
- superficial (3)
- deep (mneumonic)
- also
all inervated by tibial nerve
superficial= soleus and gastronemius: plantarflex foot. soleus us under gastronemius (plantaris is between and is thin- also plantarflexes ankle)
```
deep= Tom Dick And Very Naughy Harry
Tibilalis posterior (inverts and plantarflexes foot)
D- flexor digitorum longus
Artery (post tib)
Vein
Nerve (post tibilal)
H- fletxor hallcus longus
```
popliteus - pretty superior, wwraps from medial femur to lateral soleus. action= laterally rotates femur on tibia - 'unlock' knee joint, counts as deep
50
ligaments attached to patella (2)
superior-- quadriceps femoris tendon
| inferior-- patella tendon/ligament (called both, is acc a ligament)
51
anterior arm veins
Carry My Blood (blood flow direction)
lateral- cephalic, cephalic
middle- median, median cubital
medial- brachial, basilic
52
intervertebral joints
- what type of joint
- made from
- circle stuff
- secondary
- hyaline, fibrous, hyaline
- nucleus pulposus (soft core) surrounded by concentric rings of annulus fibrosis
