Neuroscience VI Flashcards
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the gag reflex?
CN X
Which cranial nerve nuclei (4) are located medially?
III, IV, VI, and XII
“factors of 12, except 1 and 2”
Which cranial nerves (2) are NOT located in the brain stem?
I and II
some sources also include CN XI in this list
Which cranial nerves (4) are located above the pons?
I, II, III, and IV
note: CN I and II are not located in the brain stem; III and IV are in the midbrain
Which cranial nerves (4) are located in the medulla?
IX, X, XI*, and XII
CN XI is located proximal, but not within, the medulla, thus intramedullary lesions do not affect the spinal accessory nerve
Which cranial nerves (4) are located in the pons?
V, VI, VII, and VIII
Which part of the basal ganglia sends dopaminergic neurons to the striatum to alter activity of both basal ganglia pathways?
Substantia nigra
Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN III and IV?
Midbrain
CN III nucleus in rostral midbrain; CN IV nucleus in caudal midbrain
Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN IX, X and XII?
Medulla
Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN V, VI, VII and VIII?
Pons
Which peripheral nerve layer must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb attachment?
Perineurium
Which stage of sleep do young adults spend the most time in?
Stage N2 (45%)
N2 (45%) > N3 and REM (25% each) > N1 (5%)
Which stage of sleep does bedwetting occur?
Stage N3
Which stage of sleep does bruxism (teeth grinding) occur?
Stage N2
Which thalamic nuclei (2) receive motor input from the basal ganglia and cerebellum?
Ventral anterior (VA) / Ventral lateral (VL)
Which thalamic nucleus receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus and superior olive?
Medial geniculate body (MGB)
“medial = music”
Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the spinothalamic tract and dorsal columns?
Ventral posterolateral (VPL)
thus receives sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception
Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the trigeminal nerve and gustatory pathway?
Ventral posteromedial (VPM)
thus receives face sensation and taste; “Makeup goes on the face (VPM)”
Which thalamic nucleus receives visual input from CN II?
Lateral geniculate body (LGB)
“lateral = light”
Which type of sensory receptor senses pain and temperature?
Free nerve endings (e.g. C, Aδ)
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate extensors are located more […].
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate extensors are located more ventrally.
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate flexors are located more […].
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate flexors are located more dorsally.
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more distal structures are located […].
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more distal structures are located laterally.
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more proximal structures are located […].
Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more proximal structures are located medially.
[…] is a higher-order language deficit (inability to understand, speak, read, and/or write).
Aphasia is a higher-order language deficit (inability to understand, speak, read, and/or write).
[…] neurons within the striatum stimulate the indirect basal ganglia pathway.
Cholinergic neurons within the striatum stimulate the indirect basal ganglia pathway.
thus inhibiting movement
[…] are structures in the brain that are characterized by extensive vasculature and lack of blood-brain-barrier.
Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by extensive vasculature and lack of blood-brain-barrier.
CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; e.g. area postrema, OVLT
[…] tracts serve as a source of UMN innervation of LMNs in cranial nerve nuclei.
Corticobulbar tracts serve as a source of UMN innervation of LMNs in cranial nerve nuclei.
influence all brain stem nuclei that innervate skeletal muscle (e.g. CN V, VII, X, XI, XII)
[…] is a motor inability to speak.
Dysarthria is a motor inability to speak.
[…] of the globus pallidus internus results in inhibition of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).
Excitation of the globus pallidus internus results in inhibition of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).
i.e. indirect basal ganglia pathway
[…] is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
[…] is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
[…] is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.
Glycine is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.
[…] frequencies are best heard at the base of the basilar membrane.
High frequencies are best heard at the base of the basilar membrane.
[…] of the globus pallidus internus results in excitation of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).
Inhibition of the globus pallidus internus results in excitation of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).
i.e. direct basal ganglia pathway
[…] frequencies are best heard at the apex of the basilar membrane (near the helicotrema).
Low frequencies are best heard at the apex of the basilar membrane (near the helicotrema).
[…] is aging-related impaired accomodation.
Presbyopia is aging-related impaired accomodation.
[…] aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Broca’s area; Broca’s area itself is spared.
Transcortical motor aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Broca’s area; Broca’s area itself is spared.
[…] aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Wernicke’s area; Wernicke’s area itself is spared.
Transcortical sensory aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Wernicke’s area; Wernicke’s area itself is spared.
[…] motoneurons provide descending control over reflexes.
Upper motoneurons provide descending control over reflexes.
Blockage of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “[…]” symptoms of schizophrenia.
Blockage of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia.
e.g. anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity
[…] of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia.
Blockage of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia.
e.g. anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity
Blockage of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased […] symptoms.
Blockage of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased extrapyramidal symptoms.
e.g. dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive diskinesia; seen with dopamine antagonists
[…] of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased extrapyramidal symptoms.
Blockage of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased extrapyramidal symptoms.
e.g. dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive diskinesia; seen with dopamine antagonists
Blockage of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of […] excess.
Blockage of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess.
e.g. decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia (men)
[…] of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess.
Blockage of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess.
e.g. decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia (men)
Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “[…]” symptoms of schizophrenia.
Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia.
e.g. delusions, hallucinations; thus, blockage of this pathway (anti-psychotics) relieves symptoms
[…] of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia.
Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia.
e.g. delusions, hallucinations; thus, blockage of this pathway (anti-psychotics) relieves symptoms
