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Neurology > Neuroscience VI > Flashcards

Neuroscience VI Flashcards

1
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the gag reflex?

A

CN X

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2
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei (4) are located medially?

A

III, IV, VI, and XII

“factors of 12, except 1 and 2”

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3
Q

Which cranial nerves (2) are NOT located in the brain stem?

A

I and II

some sources also include CN XI in this list

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves (4) are located above the pons?

A

I, II, III, and IV

note: CN I and II are not located in the brain stem; III and IV are in the midbrain

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5
Q

Which cranial nerves (4) are located in the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI*, and XII

CN XI is located proximal, but not within, the medulla, thus intramedullary lesions do not affect the spinal accessory nerve

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves (4) are located in the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, and VIII

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7
Q

Which part of the basal ganglia sends dopaminergic neurons to the striatum to alter activity of both basal ganglia pathways?

A

Substantia nigra

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8
Q

Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN III and IV?

A

Midbrain

CN III nucleus in rostral midbrain; CN IV nucleus in caudal midbrain

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9
Q

Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN IX, X and XII?

A

Medulla

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10
Q

Which part of the brainstem contains the nuclei of CN V, VI, VII and VIII?

A

Pons

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11
Q

Which peripheral nerve layer must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb attachment?

A

Perineurium

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12
Q

Which stage of sleep do young adults spend the most time in?

A

Stage N2 (45%)

N2 (45%) > N3 and REM (25% each) > N1 (5%)

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13
Q

Which stage of sleep does bedwetting occur?

A

Stage N3

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14
Q

Which stage of sleep does bruxism (teeth grinding) occur?

A

Stage N2

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15
Q

Which thalamic nuclei (2) receive motor input from the basal ganglia and cerebellum?

A

Ventral anterior (VA) / Ventral lateral (VL)

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16
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives auditory input from the inferior colliculus and superior olive?

A

Medial geniculate body (MGB)

“medial = music”

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17
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the spinothalamic tract and dorsal columns?

A

Ventral posterolateral (VPL)

thus receives sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception

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18
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives input from the trigeminal nerve and gustatory pathway?

A

Ventral posteromedial (VPM)

thus receives face sensation and taste; “Makeup goes on the face (VPM)”

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19
Q

Which thalamic nucleus receives visual input from CN II?

A

Lateral geniculate body (LGB)

“lateral = light”

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20
Q

Which type of sensory receptor senses pain and temperature?

A

Free nerve endings (e.g. C, Aδ)

21
Q

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate extensors are located more […].

A

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate extensors are located more ventrally.

22
Q

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate flexors are located more […].

A

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate flexors are located more dorsally.

23
Q

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more distal structures are located […].

A

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more distal structures are located laterally.

24
Q

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more proximal structures are located […].

A

Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more proximal structures are located medially.

25
Q

[…] is a higher-order language deficit (inability to understand, speak, read, and/or write).

A

Aphasia is a higher-order language deficit (inability to understand, speak, read, and/or write).

26
Q

[…] neurons within the striatum stimulate the indirect basal ganglia pathway.

A

Cholinergic neurons within the striatum stimulate the indirect basal ganglia pathway.

thus inhibiting movement

27
Q

[…] are structures in the brain that are characterized by extensive vasculature and lack of blood-brain-barrier.

A

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by extensive vasculature and lack of blood-brain-barrier.

CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; e.g. area postrema, OVLT

28
Q

[…] tracts serve as a source of UMN innervation of LMNs in cranial nerve nuclei.

A

Corticobulbar tracts serve as a source of UMN innervation of LMNs in cranial nerve nuclei.

influence all brain stem nuclei that innervate skeletal muscle (e.g. CN V, VII, X, XI, XII)

29
Q

[…] is a motor inability to speak.

A

Dysarthria is a motor inability to speak.

30
Q

[…] of the globus pallidus internus results in inhibition of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).

A

Excitation of the globus pallidus internus results in inhibition of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).

i.e. indirect basal ganglia pathway

31
Q

[…] is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.

A

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.

32
Q

[…] is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS.

A

Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS.

33
Q

[…] is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.

A

Glycine is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.

34
Q

[…] frequencies are best heard at the base of the basilar membrane.

A

High frequencies are best heard at the base of the basilar membrane.

35
Q

[…] of the globus pallidus internus results in excitation of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).

A

Inhibition of the globus pallidus internus results in excitation of the ipsilateral ventral lateral (VL) nucleus of the thalamus (basal ganglia pathway).

i.e. direct basal ganglia pathway

36
Q

[…] frequencies are best heard at the apex of the basilar membrane (near the helicotrema).

A

Low frequencies are best heard at the apex of the basilar membrane (near the helicotrema).

37
Q

[…] is aging-related impaired accomodation.

A

Presbyopia is aging-related impaired accomodation.

38
Q

[…] aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Broca’s area; Broca’s area itself is spared.

A

Transcortical motor aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Broca’s area; Broca’s area itself is spared.

39
Q

[…] aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Wernicke’s area; Wernicke’s area itself is spared.

A

Transcortical sensory aphasia is caused by damage to the areas around Wernicke’s area; Wernicke’s area itself is spared.

40
Q

[…] motoneurons provide descending control over reflexes.

A

Upper motoneurons provide descending control over reflexes.

41
Q

Blockage of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “[…]” symptoms of schizophrenia.

A

Blockage of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia.

e.g. anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity

42
Q

[…] of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia.

A

Blockage of the mesocortical dopamine pathway results in increased “negative” symptoms of schizophrenia.

e.g. anergia, apathy, lack of spontaneity

43
Q

Blockage of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased […] symptoms.

A

Blockage of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased extrapyramidal symptoms.

e.g. dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive diskinesia; seen with dopamine antagonists

44
Q

[…] of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased extrapyramidal symptoms.

A

Blockage of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway results in increased extrapyramidal symptoms.

e.g. dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive diskinesia; seen with dopamine antagonists

45
Q

Blockage of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of […] excess.

A

Blockage of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess.

e.g. decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia (men)

46
Q

[…] of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess.

A

Blockage of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway results in symptoms of prolactin excess.

e.g. decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia (men)

47
Q

Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “[…]” symptoms of schizophrenia.

A

Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia.

e.g. delusions, hallucinations; thus, blockage of this pathway (anti-psychotics) relieves symptoms

48
Q

[…] of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia.

A

Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway results in increased “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia.

e.g. delusions, hallucinations; thus, blockage of this pathway (anti-psychotics) relieves symptoms

Neurology (13 decks)

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