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Neurology > Basic Neurology > Flashcards

Basic Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

All post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons utilize […] as their neurotransmitter.

A

All post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons utilize acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

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2
Q

All pre-ganglionic neurons utilize […] as their neurotransmitter.

A

All pre-ganglionic neurons utilize acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

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3
Q

All pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons can synapse in […] ganglia.

A

All pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons can synapse in sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia.

may occur in ganglia at the same or different segmental level of the chain

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4
Q

At the nodes of Ranvier, there is a high concentration of […] channels.

A

At the nodes of Ranvier, there is a high concentration of Na+ channels.

thus this is a site of inward current

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5
Q

Axons that are myelinated by […] have the potential to regenerate following injury.

A

Axons that are myelinated by Schwann cells have the potential to regenerate following injury.

the Schwann cell doesn’t degenerate, which provides a scaffold for regeneration and remyelination of the axon

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6
Q

CSF in the subarachnoid space is reabsorbed through […], which drain into dural venous sinuses.

A

CSF in the subarachnoid space is reabsorbed through arachnoid granulations, which drain into dural venous sinuses.

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7
Q

Distal to a site of CNS or PNS axon injury there is […] degeneration.

A

Distal to a site of CNS or PNS axon injury there is anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration.

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8
Q

Do axons myelinated by oligodendrocytes have the potential to regenerate following injury?

A

No

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9
Q

Do lower motoneuron lesions present with atrophy?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do lower motoneuron lesions present with fasciculations?

A

Yes

random twitches of denervated motor units; visible beneath the skin

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11
Q

Do lower motoneuron lesions present with the Babinski sign?

A

No

lower motoneuron = everything down (tone, DTRs, toes)

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12
Q

Do lower motoneuron lesions present with weakness?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do upper motoneuron lesions present with clasp knife spasticity?

A

Yes

rapid decrease in resistance when attempting to flex a joint

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14
Q

Do upper motoneuron lesions present with fasciculations?

A

No

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15
Q

Do upper motoneuron lesions present with the Babinski sign?

A

Yes

i.e. extension of large toe and fanning of other toes with plantar stimulation

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16
Q

Do upper motoneuron lesions present with weakness?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Do upper motoneuron lesions typically present with atrophy?

A

No*

*may have atrophy due to disuse of muscles

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18
Q

Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate […] axon(s).

A

Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axon(s).

one oligodendrocyte can myelinate ~ 30 axons

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19
Q

Each Schwann cell can myelinate […] axon(s).

A

Each Schwann cell can myelinate one axon(s).

one cell myelinates one internodal segment of a single axon

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20
Q

Glucose and amino acids cross the blood-brain barrier slowly via […] transport mechanisms.

A

Glucose and amino acids cross the blood-brain barrier slowly via carrier-mediated transport mechanisms.

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21
Q

In myelinated cells, nodes of Ranvier increase conduction velocity via […] conduction.

A

In myelinated cells, nodes of Ranvier increase conduction velocity via saltatory conduction.

these nodes are sites of high capacitance and low resistance

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22
Q

In response to axon damage, the neuron cell body undergoes […], which is the swelling of the cell body and dispersion of Nissl substance.

A

In response to axon damage, the neuron cell body undergoes chromatolysis (“axonal reaction”), which is the swelling of the cell body and dispersion of Nissl substance.

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23
Q

In the inverse muscle stretch reflex, some Ib afferent fibers inhibit […] muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle relaxation.

A

In the inverse muscle stretch reflex, some Ib afferent fibers inhibit agonist muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle relaxation.

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24
Q

In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia afferent fibers inhibit […] muscles (agonist or antagonist) through interneurons causing muscle relaxation.

A

In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia afferent fibers inhibit antagonist muscles (agonist or antagonist) through interneurons causing muscle relaxation.

e.g. the hamstrings in the knee-jerk reflex

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25
Q

In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia afferent fibers stimulate […] muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle contraction.

A

In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia afferent fibers stimulate agonist muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle contraction.

e.g. the quadriceps in the knee-jerk reflex

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26
Q

In what demographic is a Babinski reflex normal?

A

Infants

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27
Q

Inside the spinal cord, […] matter is centrally located.

A

Inside the spinal cord, gray matter is centrally located.

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28
Q

Inside the spinal cord, […] matter is peripherally located.

A

Inside the spinal cord, white matter is peripherally located.

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29
Q

Lower motoneuron lesions may cause […] tone.

A

Lower motoneuron lesions may cause decreased tone.

lower motoneuron = everything down (tone, DTRs, toes)

30
Q

Lower motoneuron lesions may cause […] paralysis.

A

Lower motoneuron lesions may cause flaccid paralysis.

31
Q

Lower motoneuron lesions may cause […]-reflexia.

A

Lower motoneuron lesions may cause hypo-reflexia.

lower motoneuron = everythin

32
Q

Microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS when infected by […].

A

Microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS when infected by HIV.

similar to formation of giant cells by peripheral macrophages

33
Q

Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus […] the time constant.

A

Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus decreasing the time constant.

the time constant indicates how quickly a cell membrane depolarizes in response to an inward current

34
Q

Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus […] the space constant.

A

Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus increasing the space constant.

the space (length) contanst indicates how far a depolarizing current will spread along a nerve

35
Q

Na+ and K+ ions cross the blood-brain barrier via […].

A

Na+ and K+ ions cross the blood-brain barrier via ion channels.

36
Q

Nerves C1 - C8 exit […] the corresponding vertebra.

A

Nerves C1 - C8 exit above the corresponding vertebra.

e.g. C2 exits above vertebra C2; C8 exits above T1

37
Q

Nerves of the somatic nervous system innervate […].

A

Nerves of the somatic nervous system innervate skeletal muscle.

38
Q

Non-polar and lipid-soluble substances cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly via […].

A

Non-polar and lipid-soluble substances cross the blood-brain barrier rapidly via diffusion.

e.g. O2, CO2

39
Q

Some ependymal cells differentiate into choroid epithelial cells, which produce […].

A

Some ependymal cells differentiate into choroid epithelial cells, which produce CSF.

40
Q

The 3rd ventricle drains into the 4th ventricle via the […].

A

The 3rd ventricle drains into the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius).

41
Q

The acetylcholine from post-ganglionic neurons of the ANS binds to […] receptors.

A

The acetylcholine from post-ganglionic neurons of the ANS binds to muscarinic (M) receptors.

42
Q

The acetylcholine from pre-ganglionic neurons of the ANS binds to […] receptors.

A

The acetylcholine from pre-ganglionic neurons of the ANS binds to neural nicotinic (NN) receptors.

43
Q

The acetylcholine from the somatic nervous system binds to […] receptors in the NMJ of skeletal muscle.

A

The acetylcholine from the somatic nervous system binds to muscle nicotinic (NM) receptors in the NMJ of skeletal muscle.

44
Q

The autonomic nervous system reaches its target via […] neuron(s).

A

The autonomic nervous system reaches its target via two neuron(s).

45
Q

The CSF in the 4th ventricle may enter the subarachnoid space via the lateral […].

A

The CSF in the 4th ventricle may enter the subarachnoid space via the lateral foramina (2) of Luschka.

46
Q

The CSF in the 4th ventricle may enter the subarachnoid space via the medial […].

A

The CSF in the 4th ventricle may enter the subarachnoid space via the medial foramen (1) of Magendie.

47
Q

The inverse muscle stretch reflex uses Golgi tendon organs to monitor muscle […].

A

The inverse muscle stretch reflex uses Golgi tendon organs to monitor muscle tension.

when a muscle exerts too much force, GTOS inhibit contraction of the muscle, preventing damage to the m

48
Q

The L2 nerve exits […] the L2 vertebra.

A

The L2 nerve exits below the L2 vertebra.

e.g. all nerves outside of cervical nerves exit below

49
Q

The lateral ventricle drains into the 3rd ventricle via the […].

A

The lateral ventricle drains into the 3rd ventricle via the foramen of Monro.

50
Q

The neuronal cell bodies of the dorsal roots (sensory) of spinal nerves are found in […].

A

The neuronal cell bodies of the dorsal roots (sensory) of spinal nerves are found in dorsal root ganglia.

51
Q

The neuronal cell bodies of the ventral roots (motor) of spinal nerves are found in the […] of the spinal cord.

A

The neuronal cell bodies of the ventral roots (motor) of spinal nerves are found in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

52
Q

The post-ganglionic neurons of the ANS have cell bodies in the […] nervous system.

A

The post-ganglionic neurons of the ANS have cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

53
Q

The pre-ganglionic neurons of the ANS have cell bodies in the […] nervous system.

A

The pre-ganglionic neurons of the ANS have cell bodies in the central nervous system.

54
Q

The somatic nervous system reaches its target via […] neuron(s).

A

The somatic nervous system reaches its target via one neuron(s).

55
Q

The somatic nervous system utilizes […] as its neurotransmitter.

A

The somatic nervous system utilizes acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.

56
Q

Upper motoneuron lesions may cause […]-reflexia.

A

Upper motoneuron lesions may cause hyper-reflexia.

upper motoneuron = everything up (tone, DTRs, toes)

57
Q

Upper motoneuron lesions may cause […] tone.

A

Upper motoneuron lesions may cause increased tone.

upper motoneuron = everything up (tone, DTRs, toes)

58
Q

Upper motoneuron lesions may cause […] paralysis.

A

Upper motoneuron lesions may cause spastic paralysis.

59
Q

What protein is used as an astrocyte marker?

A

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)

60
Q

What type of cell (permanent, labile, stable) are neurons?

A

Permanent (do not divide in adulthood)

61
Q

Which cranial nerves (4) carry parasympathetics?

A

III, VII, IX, X

62
Q

Which dural venous sinus is the main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

63
Q

Which matter in the spinal cord contains functionally similar axons called tracts or fasciculi?

A

White matter

64
Q

Which matter in the spinal cord contains neuronal cell bodies, their dendrites, and the proximal parts of axons?

A

Gray matter

65
Q

Which molecular motor protein is used for anterograde axonal transport?

A

Kinesin

i.e. from cell body to axon terminal

66
Q

Which molecular motor protein is used for retrograde axonal transport?

A

Dynein

i.e. from axon terminal to cell body

67
Q

Which sacral nerves carry parasympathetics?

A

S2 - S4

68
Q

Which type of glial cell is a derivative of mononuclear phagocytes?

A

Microglia

phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS

69
Q

[…] are glial cells that are responsible for reactive gliosis in response to neural injury.

A

Astrocytes are glial cells that are responsible for reactive gliosis in response to neural injury.

they may fill up the extracellular space left by degenerating neurons by forming an astroglial scar

70
Q

[…] cells refer to the non-neuronal cells of nervous system.

A

Glial cells refer to the non-neuronal cells of nervous system.

e.g. oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, etc.

71
Q

[…] are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the central nervous system.

72
Q

[…] are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Neurology (13 decks)

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