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Neurology > Neuroscience IV > Flashcards

Neuroscience IV Flashcards

1
Q

The nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis are located in the […].

A

The nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis are located in the caudal medulla.

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2
Q

The nucleus of Edinger-Westphal gives rise to pre-ganglionic […] axons that travel with CN III (oculomotor).

A

The nucleus of Edinger-Westphal gives rise to pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons that travel with CN III (oculomotor).

innervates the pupillary sphincter muscle and the ciliary muscle

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3
Q

The nucleus […] supplies motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation).

A

The nucleus ambiguus supplies motor innervation of the pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation).

nucleus aMbiguus = Motor; contributes to CN IX, X, and XI

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4
Q

The nucleus […] receives visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention).

A

The nucleus solitarius receives visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention).

also known nucleus tractus solitarius; nucleus Solitarius = Sensory; contributes to CN VII, IX, and X

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5
Q

The organ of Corti contains two types of receptor cells: […] and […] cells.

A

The organ of Corti contains two types of receptor cells: inner and outer hair cells.

three outer hair cells and one inner hair cell per organ

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6
Q

The organ of Corti lies on the […] membrane of the cochlea and is bathed in the endolymph contained in the scala media.

A

The organ of Corti lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and is bathed in the endolymph contained in the scala media.

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7
Q

The OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis) is a circumventricular organ that senses changes in serum […].

A

The OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis) is a circumventricular organ that senses changes in serum osmolarity.

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8
Q

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons that course within the contralateral MLF to reach the […] nucleus.

A

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons that course within the contralateral MLF to reach the oculomotor nucleus.

thus causing adduction (via medial rectus) of the contralateral eye

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9
Q

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons that course within the contralateral […] to reach the oculomotor nucleus.

A

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons that course within the contralateral MLF to reach the oculomotor nucleus.

thus causing adduction (via medial rectus) of the contralateral eye

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10
Q

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons to synapse with cell bodies of the ipsilateral […] nucleus.

A

The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) sends axons to synapse with cell bodies of the ipsilateral abducens nucleus.

thus causing abduction (via lateral rectus) of the ipsilateral eye

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11
Q

The spinocerebellar tracts carry unconscious […] input from the ipsi-lateral muscle spindles and GTOs to the cerebellum.

A

The spinocerebellar tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive input from the ipsi-lateral muscle spindles and GTOs to the cerebellum.

i.e. dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

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12
Q

The spinocerebellar tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive input from the […]-lateral muscle spindles and GTOs to the cerebellum.

A

The spinocerebellar tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive input from the ipsi-lateral muscle spindles and GTOs to the cerebellum.

i.e. dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts

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13
Q

The UMNs of the motor cortex that receive input from the VL nucleus (thalamus) send descending axons via the contralateral […] tract.

A

The UMNs of the motor cortex that receive input from the VL nucleus (thalamus) send descending axons via the contralateral corticospinal tract.

note: the double decussation results in net ipsilateral effect

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14
Q

The ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta are responsible for the synthesis of […].

A

The ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta are responsible for the synthesis of dopamine.

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15
Q

The vestibular nuclei sends axons to ipsilateral antigravity muscles via the lateral […] tract to maintain upright and balanced posture.

A

The vestibular nuclei sends axons to ipsilateral antigravity muscles via the lateral vestibulospinal tract to maintain upright and balanced posture.

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16
Q

The […] reflex tests nerve roots S1 and S2 (tibial nerve).

A

The Achilles reflex tests nerve roots S1 and S2 (tibial nerve).

“S1, S2, buckle my shoe”

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17
Q

The […] reflex tests nerve roots S3 and S4.

A

The anal wink reflex tests nerve roots S3 and S4.

“S3, S4, winks galore”

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18
Q

The […] hypothalamus senses elevated body temperatures and mediates responses to dissipate heat.

A

The anterior hypothalamus senses elevated body temperatures and mediates responses to dissipate heat.

thus lesion of the anterior hypothalamus results in hyperthermia

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19
Q

The […] reflex tests nerve roots C5 and C6 (musculocutaneous nerve).

A

The biceps reflex tests nerve roots C5 and C6 (musculocutaneous nerve).

“C5, C6, pick up sticks”

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20
Q

The […] comprises the nerve roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves below the conus medullaris.

A

The cauda equina comprises the nerve roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves below the conus medullaris.

21
Q

The […] is the caudal end of the spinal cord; ends at L2 vertebra in adults.

A

The conus medullaris is the caudal end of the spinal cord; ends at L2 vertebra in adults.

22
Q

The […] tract in the brain is responsible for voluntary movement of contralateral limbs.

A

The corticospinal tract in the brain is responsible for voluntary movement of contralateral limbs.

23
Q

The […] reflex tests nerve roots L1 and L2 (genitofemoral nerve).

A

The cremasteric reflex tests nerve roots L1 and L2 (genitofemoral nerve).

“L1, L2, testicles move”

24
Q

The […] basal ganglia pathway facilitates movement.

A

The direct basal ganglia pathway facilitates movement.

useful for initiating movement

25
Q

The […] tract carries information for pressure, vibration, fine (discriminative) touch, and proprioception.

A

The dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract carries information for pressure, vibration, fine (discriminative) touch, and proprioception.

26
Q

The […] nucleus sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI tract.

A

The dorsal motor nucleus sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI tract.

contributes to CN X

27
Q

The […] nucleus provides parasympathetic innervation to the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles.

A

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus provides parasympathetic innervation to the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles.

thus mediates pupillary constriction and accomodation

28
Q

The […] of the cerebellum is involved in control of balance and eye movements.

A

The flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum is involved in control of balance and eye movements.

via input from vestibular nuclei

29
Q

The […] basal ganglia pathway inhibits movement.

A

The indirect basal ganglia pathway inhibits movement.

useful for suppression of unwanted movement

30
Q

The […] colliculi are auditory structures.

A

The inferior colliculi are auditory structures.

31
Q

The […] of the cerebellum controls distal musculature.

A

The intermediate hemisphere of the cerebellum controls distal musculature.

32
Q

The […] area of the hypothalamus is responsible for hunger.

A

The lateral area of the hypothalamus is responsible for hunger.

thus, lesion of the lateral area results in anorexia

33
Q

The […] of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of norepinephrine.

A

The locus ceruleus of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of norepinephrine.

sends projections to most brain areas involved in the control of cortical activation (arousal)

34
Q

The locus ceruleus of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of […].

A

The locus ceruleus of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of norepinephrine.

sends projections to most brain areas involved in the control of cortical activation (arousal)

35
Q

The […] is a pair of tracts that allows for crosstalk between CN VI and CN III nuclei.

A

The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of tracts that allows for crosstalk between CN VI and CN III nuclei.

coordinates both eyes to move in the same direction (conjugate horizontal gaze)

36
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of tracts that allows for crosstalk between CN […] and CN […] nuclei.

A

he medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of tracts that allows for crosstalk between CN VI and CN III nuclei.

coordinates both eyes to move in the same direction (conjugate horizontal gaze)

37
Q

The […] nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily secretes oxytocin.

A

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily secretes oxytocin.

also secretes CRH and TRH

38
Q

The […] reflex tests nerve roots L3 and L4 (femoral nerve).

A

The patella reflex tests nerve roots L3 and L4 (femoral nerve).

“L3, L4, kick the door”

39
Q

The […] hypothalamus senses decreased body temperatures and mediates responses to conserve heat.

A

The posterior hypothalamus senses decreased body temperatures and mediates responses to conserve heat.

thus lesion of the posterior hypothalamus results in hypothermia

40
Q

The […] of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of serotonin.

A

The raphe nucleus of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of serotonin.

plays a role in mood, aggression, and the induction of non–rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep

41
Q

The raphe nucleus of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of […].

A

The raphe nucleus of the reticular formation is responsible for synthesis of serotonin.

plays a role in mood, aggression, and the induction of non–rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep

42
Q

The […] is formed by the reticular formation, locus ceruleus, and raphe nucleus.

A

The reticular activating system (RAS) is formed by the reticular formation, locus ceruleus, and raphe nucleus.

43
Q

The […] ganglion contains cell bodies whose peripheral axons innervate hair cells of the organ of Corti.

A

The spiral ganglion contains cell bodies whose peripheral axons innervate hair cells of the organ of Corti.

44
Q

The […] colliculi are visual structures.

A

The superior colliculi are visual structures.

45
Q

The […] nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for Circadian rhythm, which regulates the sleep cycle.

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for Circadian rhythm, which regulates the sleep cycle.

circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, and norepinephrine

46
Q

The […] nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily makes ADH.

A

The supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily makes ADH.

lesions here causes diabetes insipidus

47
Q

The […] reflex tests nerve roots C7 and C8 (radial nerve).

A

The triceps reflex tests nerve roots C7 and C8 (radial nerve).

“C7, C8, lay them straight”

48
Q

The […] area of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety.

A

The ventromedial area of the hypothalamus is responsible for satiety.

thus lesion of the ventromedial area results in hyperphagia

Neurology (13 decks)

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