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Neurology > Neurology III > Flashcards

Neurology III Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri is associated with use of certain medications, including […] (antibiotic), growth hormone, and danazol.

A

Pseudotumor cerebri is associated with use of certain medications, including tetracyclines (antibiotic), growth hormone, and danazol.

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2
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri is associated with vitamin […] excess.

A

Pseudotumor cerebri is associated with vitamin A excess.

e.g. isotretinoin use

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3
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri may present with headache and diplopia (usually from CN […] palsy).

A

Pseudotumor cerebri may present with headache and diplopia (usually from CN VI palsy).

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4
Q

Putaminal hemorrhage often results in contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss due to involvement of the adjacent […].

A

Putaminal hemorrhage often results in contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss due to involvement of the adjacent internal capsule.

also may present with conjugate gaze deviation towards the lesion due to involvement of the frontal eye fields

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5
Q

Status epilepticus is seizure activity for > […] (time), continuous or intermittent, without regaining consciousness.

A

Status epilepticus is seizure activity for > 5 minutes (time), continuous or intermittent, without regaining consciousness.

can result in brain injury and possibly death

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6
Q

Strokes involving the anterior cerebral artery typically cause motor and/or sensory loss that is most pronounced in the contralateral […] limb.

A

Strokes involving the anterior cerebral artery typically cause motor and/or sensory loss that is most pronounced in the contralateral lower limb.

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7
Q

Strokes involving the middle cerebral artery may cause aphasia if in the […] hemisphere.

A

Strokes involving the middle cerebral artery may cause aphasia if in the dominant hemisphere.

due to damage of the temporal lobe (Wernicke area) or frontal lobe (Broca area)

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8
Q

Subacute combined degeneration is characterized by demyelination of […], lateral corticospinal tracts, and dorsal columns.

A

Subacute combined degeneration is characterized by demyelination of spinocerebellar tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, and dorsal columns.

“SCD: Spinocerebellar tracts, lateral Corticospinal tracts, Dorsal column”

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9
Q

Subacute combined degeneration is characterized by demyelination of spinocerebellar tracts, […], and dorsal columns.

A

Subacute combined degeneration is characterized by demyelination of spinocerebellar tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, and dorsal columns.

“SCD: Spinocerebellar tracts, lateral Corticospinal tracts, Dorsal column”

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10
Q

Subacute combined degeneration is characterized by demyelination of spinocerebellar tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, and […].

A

Subacute combined degeneration is characterized by demyelination of spinocerebellar tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, and dorsal columns.

“SCD: Spinocerebellar tracts, lateral Corticospinal tracts, Dorsal column”

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11
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with increased risk of developing communicating and/or obstructive […].

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with increased risk of developing communicating and/or obstructive hydrocephalus.

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12
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage presents with sudden […] and nuchal rigidity.

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage presents with sudden headache (thunderclap headache) and nuchal rigidity.

“worst headache of my life”

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13
Q

Subclavian steal syndrome is associated with a significantly […] brachial systolic blood pressure in the affected arm.

A

Subclavian steal syndrome is associated with a significantly lower brachial systolic blood pressure in the affected arm.

also associated with a systolic bruit in the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa

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14
Q

Subclavian steal syndrome typically arises due to severe stenosis of the […] artery, causing reversal of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery.

A

Subclavian steal syndrome typically arises due to severe stenosis of the proximal subclavian artery, causing reversal of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery.

typically asymptomatic but may cause symptoms of upper extremity ischemia (e.g. pain, paresthesias) and vertebrobasilar insufficiency (e.g. dizziness, ataxia) that are worse with exercise

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15
Q

Subdural hematomas are due to tearing of […] that lie between the dura and arachnoid.

A

Subdural hematomas are due to tearing of bridging veins that lie between the dura and arachnoid.

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16
Q

Subdural hematomas are more common in […] and […] due to cerebral atrophy, which stretches the bridging veins.

A

Subdural hematomas are more common in alcoholics and the elderly due to cerebral atrophy, which stretches the bridging veins.

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17
Q

Symptoms of botulism include bilateral cranial neuropathies followed by symmetric, […] muscle weakness (ascending or descending).

A

Symptoms of botulism include bilateral cranial neuropathies followed by symmetric, descending muscle weakness (ascending or descending).

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18
Q

Symptoms of Huntington disease typically manifest between ages […] and […].

A

Symptoms of Huntington disease typically manifest between ages 30 and 50.

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19
Q

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include headache that is worse in the […] (morning or evening), nausea/vomiting, and mental status changes.

A

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include headache that is worse in the morning (morning or evening), nausea/vomiting, and mental status changes.

the headache classically worsens throughout the night (while lying supine), waking the patient up in his/her sleep

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20
Q

Symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis are typically relieved while walking […]-hill.

A

Symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis are typically relieved while walking up-hill.

results in flexion of the spine (widening of the spinal canal), thus relieving symptoms

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21
Q

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis include sensory […] due to impaired proprioception, as well as paroxsymal pains and urinary incontinence.

A

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis include sensory ataxia due to impaired proprioception, as well as paroxsymal pains and urinary incontinence.

“high-step stride”

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22
Q

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis include sensory ataxia due to impaired proprioception, as well as paroxsymal […] and urinary incontinence.

A

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis include sensory ataxia due to impaired proprioception, as well as paroxsymal pains and urinary incontinence.

“high-step stride”

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23
Q

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis include sensory ataxia due to impaired proprioception, as well as paroxsymal pains and urinary […].

A

Symptoms of tabes dorsalis include sensory ataxia due to impaired proprioception, as well as paroxsymal pains and urinary incontinence.

“high-step stride”

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24
Q

Syringomyelia is a spinal cord lesion that often arises with spinal cord trauma/tumors or in association with […] malformation.

A

Syringomyelia is a spinal cord lesion that often arises with spinal cord trauma/tumors or in association with Chiari I malformation.

3-4% of patients with spinal cord injuries (e.g. whiplash) develop post-traumatic syringomyelia months to years later

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25
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A
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26
Q

Syringomyelia results in bilateral loss of […] and […] sensation in a “cape-like” distribution.

A

Syringomyelia results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in a “cape-like” distribution.

27
Q

Syringomyelia results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in a “[…]” distribution.

A

Syringomyelia results in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in a “cape-like” distribution.

28
Q

Syringomyelia results in damage to the spinothalamic tract 2nd-order neurons crossing in the […].

A

Syringomyelia results in damage to the spinothalamic tract 2nd-order neurons crossing in the anterior white commissure.

29
Q

Syringomyelia results in damage to the […] tract 2nd-order neurons crossing in the anterior white commissure.

A

Syringomyelia results in damage to the spinothalamic tract 2nd-order neurons crossing in the anterior white commissure.

30
Q

Syrinx expansion in syringomyelia (late stage) may cause […] syndrome.

A

Syrinx expansion in syringomyelia (late stage) may cause Horner syndrome.

due to disruption of the lateral horn

31
Q

Syrinx expansion in syringomyelia may lead to damage to the […] motoneurons of the anterior horn.

A

Syrinx expansion in syringomyelia may lead to damage to the lower motoneurons of the anterior horn.

causes muscle atrophy and weakness with decreased muscle tone and impaired reflexes

32
Q

Tabes dorsalis is a progressive demyelination of the […] and […].

A

Tabes dorsalis is a progressive demyelination of the dorsal columns and dorsal roots.

33
Q

Tabes dorsalis is associated with […] pupils.

A

Tabes dorsalis is associated with Argyll Robertson pupils.

reactive to accomodation but not light

34
Q

Tabes dorsalis presents with […] deep tendon reflexes.

A

Tabes dorsalis presents with decreased/absent deep tendon reflexes .

due to degeneration of dorsal roots (lack of sensory input for reflex)

35
Q

Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) travels via […] transport to the spinal cord.

A

Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) travels via retrograde transport to the spinal cord.

36
Q

The best way to visualize Kayser-Fleisher rings in Wilson disease is via […] examination.

A

The best way to visualize Kayser-Fleisher rings in Wilson disease is via slit-lamp examination.

37
Q

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: […]

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

A

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

38
Q

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: […]

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

A

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

39
Q

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: […]

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

A

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

40
Q

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: […]

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

A

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

41
Q

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: […]

A

The clinical features of Parkinson disease may be remembered with the mnemonic “TRAPS”:

T: Tremor (pill-rolling tremor at rest; disappears with movement)

R: Rigidity (cogwheel rigidity in the extremities)

A: Akinesia/bradykinesia (slowing of voluntary movement; expressionless face)

P: Postural instability

S: Shuffling (hypokinetic) gait

42
Q

The Cushing reaction is a triad of […], […], and […] due to increased intracranial pressure.

A

The Cushing reaction is a triad of hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression due to increased intracranial pressure.

increased ICP constricts arterioles –> ischemia –> decreased pH and increased CO2 –> compensatory peripheral vasoconstriction (hypertension) –> bradycardia (baroreceptor reflex)

43
Q

The diagnosis of cerebral sinus thrombosis is confirmed with […] (imaging modality).

A

The diagnosis of cerebral sinus thrombosis is confirmed with MRI with venography (imaging modality).

CT scan often shows no abnormalities

44
Q

The facial/ophthalmic veins are […], thus skin infections in this area can easily spread to the cavernous sinus.

A

The facial/ophthalmic veins are valveless, thus skin infections in this area can easily spread to the cavernous sinus.

45
Q

The initial diagnostic workup of a first-time seizure in an adult should include laboratory tests to evaluate for […] and toxic causes.

A

The initial diagnostic workup of a first-time seizure in an adult should include laboratory tests to evaluate for metabolic and toxic causes.

e.g. basic blood tests (electrolytes, glucose, Ca2+, Mg2+, CBC, LFTs) and a toxicology screen; unprovoked seizures may warrant neuroimaging and/or EEG

46
Q

The initial diagnostic workup of a first-time seizure in an adult should include laboratory tests to evaluate for metabolic and […] causes.

A

The initial diagnostic workup of a first-time seizure in an adult should include laboratory tests to evaluate for metabolic and toxic causes.

e.g. basic blood tests (electrolytes, glucose, Ca2+, Mg2+, CBC, LFTs) and a toxicology screen; unprovoked seizures may warrant neuroimaging and/or EEG

47
Q

The initial treatment of transient ischemic attack involves improving blood pressure control, starting […] and […], and modifying risk factors.

A

The initial treatment of transient ischemic attack involves improving blood pressure control, starting aspirin and statin, and modifying risk factors.

48
Q

The most common site of ulnar nerve entrapment is where the ulnar nerve lies in the […].

A

The most common site of ulnar nerve entrapment is where the ulnar nerve lies in the medial epicondylar groove (elbow).

results in decreased sensations over the 4th and 5th digits and weak grip; the ulnar nerve may also become entrapped in the cubital tunnel

49
Q

The most common subtype of a […] stroke is a pure motor stroke, resulting in contralateral hemiparesis of the face, arm, and leg.

A

The most common subtype of a lacunar stroke is a pure motor stroke, resulting in contralateral hemiparesis of the face, arm, and leg.

due to injury of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts in the posterior limb and genu of the internal capsule, respectively

50
Q

The motor component of CN III is located […] (centrally or peripherally).

A

The motor component of CN III is located centrally (centrally or peripherally).

51
Q

The parasympathetic component of CN III is located […] (centrally or peripherally).

A

The parasympathetic component of CN III is located peripherally (centrally or peripherally).

52
Q

The pathophysiology of foodborne botulism in adults involves inhibition of […] release at the NMJ due to a preformed toxin.

A

The pathophysiology of foodborne botulism in adults involves inhibition of presynaptic acetylcholine release at the NMJ due to a preformed toxin.

53
Q

The pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia is related to demyelination along the trigeminal nerve root, often due to localized […] from nearby vascular structures.

A

The pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia is related to demyelination along the trigeminal nerve root, often due to localized compression from nearby vascular structures.

54
Q

Thrombolytic therapy (e.g. tPA) is indicated for patients with ischemic stroke if given within […] of symptom onset.

A

Thrombolytic therapy (e.g. tPA) is indicated for patients with ischemic stroke if given within 3 - 4.5 hours of symptom onset.

a non-contrast head CT must be performed first to rule out hemorrhagic stroke; other contraindications are listed below

55
Q

Treatment for refractory pseudotumor cerebri may involve […] surgery or lumboperitoneal shunting.

A

Treatment for refractory pseudotumor cerebri may involve optic nerve sheath fenestration surgery or lumboperitoneal shunting.

short-term use of corticosteroids or serial lumbar puncture can serve as bridging therapy while awaiting surgical treatment

56
Q

Treatment for tetanus includes […] +/- vaccine booster; may also give diazepam for muscle spasms and debride the wound.

A

Treatment for tetanus includes antitoxin +/- vaccine booster; may also give diazepam for muscle spasms and debride the wound.

57
Q

Typical antipsychotics should not be used in patients with […] dementia because they may exhibit neuroleptic hypersensitivity.

A

Typical antipsychotics should not be used in patients with Lewy body dementia because they may exhibit neuroleptic hypersensitivity.

neuroleptic administration can cause severe parkinsonism and impaired consciousness

58
Q

Vascular dementia is characterized by presence of multiple cortical and/or subcortical […] on MRI or CT.

A

Vascular dementia is characterized by presence of multiple cortical and/or subcortical infarcts on MRI or CT.

59
Q

Vasospasm following a subarachnoid hemorrhage can best be prevented with initiation of […].

A

Vasospasm following a subarachnoid hemorrhage can best be prevented with initiation of nimodipine.

60
Q

Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by […] speech (fluent or nonfluent).

A

Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by fluent speech (fluent or nonfluent).

61
Q

Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by […] comprehension (intact or impaired).

A

Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by impaired comprehension (intact or impaired).

62
Q

Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by […] repetition (intact or impaired).

A

Wernicke (receptive) aphasia is characterized by impaired repetition (intact or impaired).

63
Q

Wernicke encephalopathy may be induced iatrogenically by the administration of […] without thiamine in an alcoholic or malnourished patient.

A

Wernicke encephalopathy may be induced iatrogenically by the administration of glucose without thiamine in an alcoholic or malnourished patient.

Neurology (13 decks)

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