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Neurology > Neurology VI > Flashcards

Neurology VI Flashcards

1
Q

Wilson disease is characterized by accumulation of copper, especially in the […], brain, cornea, and kidneys.

A

Wilson disease is characterized by accumulation of copper, especially in the liver, brain, cornea, and kidneys.

copper-mediated production of hydroxyl free radicals leads to tissue damage

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2
Q

Wilson disease is characterized by […] serum ceruloplasmin and […] urinary copper.

A

Wilson disease is characterized by decreased serum ceruloplasmin and increased urinary copper.

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3
Q

Wilson disease may be treated with oral […] or chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine, trientine).

A

Wilson disease may be treated with oral zinc or chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine, trientine).

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4
Q

Wilson disease often presents with […] due to copper deposits in Descemet’s membrane of the cornea.

A

Wilson disease often presents with Kayser-Fleisher rings due to copper deposits in Descemet’s membrane of the cornea.

Kayser-Fleisher rings may be visualized on slit lamp examination if not seen on visual inspection

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5
Q

[…] syndrome is caused by hemisection of the spinal cord.

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome is caused by hemisection of the spinal cord.

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6
Q

[…] syndrome presents after a stroke with initial parethesias followed in weeks to months by abnormal, unpleasant sense of touch (dysesthesia) and hypersensitivity to pain (allodynia).

A

Central post-stroke (thalamic pain) syndrome presents after a stroke with initial parethesias followed in weeks to months by abnormal, unpleasant sense of touch (dysesthesia) and hypersensitivity to pain (allodynia).

due to thalamic lesions (occurs in 10% of stroke patients); also known as Dejerine–Roussy syndrome

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7
Q

[…] necrosis is a hallmark of prolonged seizures and can lead to persistent neurologic deficits and recurrent seizures.

A

Cortical laminar necrosis is a hallmark of prolonged seizures and can lead to persistent neurologic deficits and recurrent seizures.

occurs due to excitatory cytotoxicity; appears as cortical hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted imaging

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8
Q

[…] hematoma often presents with a loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval for up to 48 hours.

A

Epidural hematoma often presents with a loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval for up to 48 hours.

“talk and die syndrome”

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9
Q

[…] is characterized grossly by gray-appearing plaques in the white matter.

A

Multiple sclerosis is characterized grossly by gray-appearing plaques in the white matter.

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10
Q

[…] is characterized by increased CSF opening pressure with no apparent cause on imaging (e.g. no hydrocephalus, obstruction of CSF outflow).

A

Pseudotumor cerebri is characterized by increased CSF opening pressure with no apparent cause on imaging (e.g. no hydrocephalus, obstruction of CSF outflow).

> 200 mm H2O in a non-obese patient or > 250 mm H2O in an obese patient; also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension

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11
Q

[…] is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

A

Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

extends survival time and/or time to tracheostomy

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12
Q

Riluzole is a […] inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

A

Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

extends survival time and/or time to tracheostomy

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13
Q

Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with […].

A

Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

extends survival time and/or time to tracheostomy

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14
Q

[…] is a cystic cavity within the central canal of the spinal cord (yellow arrows).

A

Syringomyelia is a cystic cavity within the central canal of the spinal cord (yellow arrows).

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15
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a […] at the fovea.

A

Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a “cherry red” spot at the fovea.

the fovea is thin, allowing for visualization of the choroid blood vessels

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16
Q

[…] occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a “cherry red” spot at the fovea.

A

Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a “cherry red” spot at the fovea.

the fovea is thin, allowing for visualization of the choroid blood vessels

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17
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is associated with increased […] protein in CSF.

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is associated with increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF.

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18
Q

[…] disease is associated with increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF.

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is associated with increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF.

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19
Q

Epidural hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense […]-shaped collection of blood on CT.

A

Epidural hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense lens-shaped collection of blood on CT.

also may be described as a biconvex disk

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20
Q

[…] hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense lens-shaped collection of blood on CT.

A

Epidural hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense lens-shaped collection of blood on CT.

also may be described as a biconvex disk

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21
Q

Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by […] and/or […] symptoms early in the disease course.

A

Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by behavioral and/or language symptoms early in the disease course.

other characteristic features include personality changes, earlier age of onset, and a strong hereditary component

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22
Q

[…] dementia is characterized by behavioral and/or language symptoms early in the disease course.

A

Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by behavioral and/or language symptoms early in the disease course.

other characteristic features include personality changes, earlier age of onset, and a strong hereditary component

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23
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the […].

A

Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the corpus callosum (“butterfly glioma”).

classically visualized as a butterfly appearance with central necrosis

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24
Q

[…] is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the corpus callosum (“butterfly glioma”).

A

Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the corpus callosum (“butterfly glioma”).

classically visualized as a butterfly appearance with central necrosis

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25
Q

Hemispatial neglect syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the […]-lateral half of the world.

A

Hemispatial neglect syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the contra-lateral half of the world.

occurs with lesions of the non-dominant parietal cortex

26
Q

[…] syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the contra-lateral half of the world.

A

Hemispatial neglect syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the contra-lateral half of the world.

occurs with lesions of the non-dominant parietal cortex

27
Q

Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and […] in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.

A

Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and lipohyalinosis in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.

ultimately leads to thrombotic small-vessel occlusion; related to hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking

28
Q

[…] strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and lipohyalinosis in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.

A

Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and lipohyalinosis in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.

ultimately leads to thrombotic small-vessel occlusion; related to hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking

29
Q

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the […] artery.

A

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

30
Q

[…] syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

A

Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.

31
Q

Metastatic CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the […] junction.

A

Metastatic CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the gray-white junction.

typically manifests as headache, focal neurologic dysfunction, cognitive change, or seizure

32
Q

[…] CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the gray-white junction.

A

Metastatic CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the gray-white junction.

typically manifests as headache, focal neurologic dysfunction, cognitive change, or seizure

33
Q

Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the […] and […] cortex.

A

Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex.

also known as frontotemporal dementia; parietal and occipital lobe are spared (vs Alzheimer’s)

34
Q

[…] disease is a degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex.

A

Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex.

also known as frontotemporal dementia; parietal and occipital lobe are spared (vs Alzheimer’s)

35
Q

Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by […] in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.

A

Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by EBV DNA in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.

versus toxoplasmosis, which typically presents as multiple ring-enhancing lesions on MRI

36
Q

[…] is typically characterized by EBV DNA in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.

A

Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by EBV DNA in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.

versus toxoplasmosis, which typically presents as multiple ring-enhancing lesions on MRI

37
Q

Subacute combined degeneration is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin […] deficiency.

A

Subacute combined degeneration is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin B12 deficiency.

causes ataxic gait, paresthesia, impaired position/vibration sense

38
Q

[…] is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin B12 deficiency.

A

Subacute combined degeneration is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin B12 deficiency.

causes ataxic gait, paresthesia, impaired position/vibration sense

39
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a […] spinal tap.

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap.

due to bilirubin breakdown from hemoglobin; usually seen 6 hours after symptom onset

40
Q

[…] hemorrhage is characterized by a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap.

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap.

due to bilirubin breakdown from hemoglobin; usually seen 6 hours after symptom onset

41
Q

Subdural hematoma is characterized by a […]-shaped hemorrhage on CT.

A

Subdural hematoma is characterized by a crescent-shaped hemorrhage on CT.

42
Q

[…] hematoma is characterized by a crescent-shaped hemorrhage on CT.

A

Subdural hematoma is characterized by a crescent-shaped hemorrhage on CT.

43
Q

Wilson disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the […].

A

Wilson disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the basal ganglia.

e.g. dysarthria, dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism, behavioral changes, dementia, chorea; copper deposition results in atrophy of the basal ganglia

44
Q

[…] disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the basal ganglia.

A

Wilson disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the basal ganglia.

e.g. dysarthria, dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism, behavioral changes, dementia, chorea; copper deposition results in atrophy of the basal ganglia

45
Q

Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of […] neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.

A

Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.

46
Q

Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the […] of the basal ganglia.

A

Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.

47
Q

[…] disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.

A

Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.

48
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the […] muscles of facial expression.

A

Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.

e.g. destruction of the facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course

49
Q

Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in […]-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.

A

Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.

e.g. destruction of the facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course

50
Q

[…] motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.

A

Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.

e.g. destruction of the facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course

51
Q

Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by […], which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.

A

Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.

52
Q

Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of […].

A

Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.

53
Q

[…] disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.

A

Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.

54
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the […] muscles of facial expression.

A

Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.

e.g. destruction of motor cortex or connection between motor cortex and facial nucleus; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation

55
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in […]-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.

A

Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.

e.g. destruction of motor cortex or connection between motor cortex and facial nucleus; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation

56
Q

[…] motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.

A

Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.

e.g. destruction of motor cortex or connection between motor cortex and facial nucleus; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation

57
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of […], gait instability, and dementia.

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.

“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible

58
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, […], and dementia.

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.

“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible

59
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and […].

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.

“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible

60
Q

[…] hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.

“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible

Neurology (13 decks)

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