Neurology VI Flashcards
Wilson disease is characterized by accumulation of copper, especially in the […], brain, cornea, and kidneys.
Wilson disease is characterized by accumulation of copper, especially in the liver, brain, cornea, and kidneys.
copper-mediated production of hydroxyl free radicals leads to tissue damage
Wilson disease is characterized by […] serum ceruloplasmin and […] urinary copper.
Wilson disease is characterized by decreased serum ceruloplasmin and increased urinary copper.
Wilson disease may be treated with oral […] or chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine, trientine).
Wilson disease may be treated with oral zinc or chelating agents (e.g. penicillamine, trientine).
Wilson disease often presents with […] due to copper deposits in Descemet’s membrane of the cornea.
Wilson disease often presents with Kayser-Fleisher rings due to copper deposits in Descemet’s membrane of the cornea.
Kayser-Fleisher rings may be visualized on slit lamp examination if not seen on visual inspection
[…] syndrome is caused by hemisection of the spinal cord.
Brown-Sequard syndrome is caused by hemisection of the spinal cord.
[…] syndrome presents after a stroke with initial parethesias followed in weeks to months by abnormal, unpleasant sense of touch (dysesthesia) and hypersensitivity to pain (allodynia).
Central post-stroke (thalamic pain) syndrome presents after a stroke with initial parethesias followed in weeks to months by abnormal, unpleasant sense of touch (dysesthesia) and hypersensitivity to pain (allodynia).
due to thalamic lesions (occurs in 10% of stroke patients); also known as Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
[…] necrosis is a hallmark of prolonged seizures and can lead to persistent neurologic deficits and recurrent seizures.
Cortical laminar necrosis is a hallmark of prolonged seizures and can lead to persistent neurologic deficits and recurrent seizures.
occurs due to excitatory cytotoxicity; appears as cortical hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted imaging
[…] hematoma often presents with a loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval for up to 48 hours.
Epidural hematoma often presents with a loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval for up to 48 hours.
“talk and die syndrome”
[…] is characterized grossly by gray-appearing plaques in the white matter.
Multiple sclerosis is characterized grossly by gray-appearing plaques in the white matter.
[…] is characterized by increased CSF opening pressure with no apparent cause on imaging (e.g. no hydrocephalus, obstruction of CSF outflow).
Pseudotumor cerebri is characterized by increased CSF opening pressure with no apparent cause on imaging (e.g. no hydrocephalus, obstruction of CSF outflow).
> 200 mm H2O in a non-obese patient or > 250 mm H2O in an obese patient; also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension
[…] is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
extends survival time and/or time to tracheostomy
Riluzole is a […] inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
extends survival time and/or time to tracheostomy
Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with […].
Riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is approved for use in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
extends survival time and/or time to tracheostomy
[…] is a cystic cavity within the central canal of the spinal cord (yellow arrows).
Syringomyelia is a cystic cavity within the central canal of the spinal cord (yellow arrows).
Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a […] at the fovea.
Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a “cherry red” spot at the fovea.
the fovea is thin, allowing for visualization of the choroid blood vessels
[…] occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a “cherry red” spot at the fovea.
Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by a pale retina with a “cherry red” spot at the fovea.
the fovea is thin, allowing for visualization of the choroid blood vessels
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is associated with increased […] protein in CSF.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is associated with increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF.
[…] disease is associated with increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is associated with increased 14-3-3 protein in CSF.
Epidural hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense […]-shaped collection of blood on CT.
Epidural hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense lens-shaped collection of blood on CT.
also may be described as a biconvex disk
[…] hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense lens-shaped collection of blood on CT.
Epidural hematoma is characterized by a hyperdense lens-shaped collection of blood on CT.
also may be described as a biconvex disk
Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by […] and/or […] symptoms early in the disease course.
Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by behavioral and/or language symptoms early in the disease course.
other characteristic features include personality changes, earlier age of onset, and a strong hereditary component
[…] dementia is characterized by behavioral and/or language symptoms early in the disease course.
Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by behavioral and/or language symptoms early in the disease course.
other characteristic features include personality changes, earlier age of onset, and a strong hereditary component
Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the […].
Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the corpus callosum (“butterfly glioma”).
classically visualized as a butterfly appearance with central necrosis
[…] is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the corpus callosum (“butterfly glioma”).
Glioblastoma multiforme is a CNS tumor that usually arises in the cerebral hemispheres and characteristically crosses the corpus callosum (“butterfly glioma”).
classically visualized as a butterfly appearance with central necrosis
Hemispatial neglect syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the […]-lateral half of the world.
Hemispatial neglect syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the contra-lateral half of the world.
occurs with lesions of the non-dominant parietal cortex
[…] syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the contra-lateral half of the world.
Hemispatial neglect syndrome is characterized by inability to process sensory information (agnosia) of the contra-lateral half of the world.
occurs with lesions of the non-dominant parietal cortex
Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and […] in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.
Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and lipohyalinosis in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.
ultimately leads to thrombotic small-vessel occlusion; related to hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking
[…] strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and lipohyalinosis in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.
Lacunar strokes often occur secondary to microatheroma formation and lipohyalinosis in the small penetrating arteries of the brain.
ultimately leads to thrombotic small-vessel occlusion; related to hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking
Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the […] artery.
Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
[…] syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome is typically caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
Metastatic CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the […] junction.
Metastatic CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the gray-white junction.
typically manifests as headache, focal neurologic dysfunction, cognitive change, or seizure
[…] CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the gray-white junction.
Metastatic CNS tumors characteristically present as multiple, well-circumscribed lesions at the gray-white junction.
typically manifests as headache, focal neurologic dysfunction, cognitive change, or seizure
Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the […] and […] cortex.
Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex.
also known as frontotemporal dementia; parietal and occipital lobe are spared (vs Alzheimer’s)
[…] disease is a degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex.
Pick disease is a degenerative disease of the frontal and temporal cortex.
also known as frontotemporal dementia; parietal and occipital lobe are spared (vs Alzheimer’s)
Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by […] in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.
Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by EBV DNA in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.
versus toxoplasmosis, which typically presents as multiple ring-enhancing lesions on MRI
[…] is typically characterized by EBV DNA in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.
Primary CNS lymphoma is typically characterized by EBV DNA in the CSF and a single ring-enhancing lesion on MRI in an HIV-infected patient.
versus toxoplasmosis, which typically presents as multiple ring-enhancing lesions on MRI
Subacute combined degeneration is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin […] deficiency.
Subacute combined degeneration is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin B12 deficiency.
causes ataxic gait, paresthesia, impaired position/vibration sense
[…] is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin B12 deficiency.
Subacute combined degeneration is a spinal cord lesion most commonly seen with vitamin B12 deficiency.
causes ataxic gait, paresthesia, impaired position/vibration sense
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a […] spinal tap.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap.
due to bilirubin breakdown from hemoglobin; usually seen 6 hours after symptom onset
[…] hemorrhage is characterized by a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is characterized by a yellow (xanthochromic) spinal tap.
due to bilirubin breakdown from hemoglobin; usually seen 6 hours after symptom onset
Subdural hematoma is characterized by a […]-shaped hemorrhage on CT.
Subdural hematoma is characterized by a crescent-shaped hemorrhage on CT.
[…] hematoma is characterized by a crescent-shaped hemorrhage on CT.
Subdural hematoma is characterized by a crescent-shaped hemorrhage on CT.
Wilson disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the […].
Wilson disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the basal ganglia.
e.g. dysarthria, dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism, behavioral changes, dementia, chorea; copper deposition results in atrophy of the basal ganglia
[…] disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the basal ganglia.
Wilson disease often presents with neuropsychiatric manifestations, due to copper deposition in the basal ganglia.
e.g. dysarthria, dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism, behavioral changes, dementia, chorea; copper deposition results in atrophy of the basal ganglia
Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of […] neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the […] of the basal ganglia.
Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
[…] disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
Huntington disease is characterized by degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.
Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the […] muscles of facial expression.
Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.
e.g. destruction of the facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course
Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in […]-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.
Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.
e.g. destruction of the facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course
[…] motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.
Lower motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in ipsi-lateral paralysis of the upper and lower muscles of facial expression.
e.g. destruction of the facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course
Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by […], which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.
Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.
Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of […].
Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.
[…] disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.
Parkinson disease is characterized histologically by Lewy bodies, which are round, eosinophilic inclusions composed of α-synuclein.
Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the […] muscles of facial expression.
Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.
e.g. destruction of motor cortex or connection between motor cortex and facial nucleus; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation
Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in […]-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.
Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.
e.g. destruction of motor cortex or connection between motor cortex and facial nucleus; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation
[…] motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.
Upper motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression.
e.g. destruction of motor cortex or connection between motor cortex and facial nucleus; forehead is spared due to bilateral UMN innervation
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of […], gait instability, and dementia.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.
“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, […], and dementia.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.
“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and […].
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.
“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible
[…] hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus classically presents with a triad of urinary incontinence, gait instability, and dementia.
“wet, wobbly, and wacky”; sometimes reversible
