Neuropsicología Flashcards
1
Q
¿Dónde se producen la emociones?
A
Las emociones se producen principalmente en el cerebro llamado límbico. La amígdala es como un director de orquesta, capaz de controlar los reflejos. (Cuadernos para viviar la ira en positivo, Yves-Alexandre Thalmann)
2
Q
¿Cómo podemos reducir la actividad del cerebro límbico y de la amígdala?
A
Estimulando las neuronas del pensamiento en el cortex prefrontal. Esto nos permite retomar el control sobre los gestos realizados. (Cuadernos para viviar la ira en positivo, Yves-Alexandre Thalmann)
3
Q
¿Qué papel juega el cerebro frontal (córtex prefrontal)?
A
En el cortex prefrontal está no sólo la sede de nuestra razón sino que se puede decir que el cortex prefrontal es el director de nuestra experiencia total, el que lo orquesta todo. Por su labor podemos convinar vivencias, experiencias nuevas, pensamientos, sentimientos y acciones en una actuación con sentido. Coaching wingwave página 90
4
Q
¿Qué nombre recibe la irritación o confusión provocada por una pequeña alteración del córtex prefrontal que hace que se produzca un cambio de tensión en el cerebro?
A
P 300
5
Q
¿Qué son las neuronas espejo?
A
Aquellas que se utilizan para elaborar nuestra intuición y percepciones sobre cómo se sienten los demás? Al percibir los sentimientos de nuestros interlocutores mostramos actividades cerebrales que hacen que los vivamos realmente.
6
Q
Ejemplo de utilización de las neuronas espejo
A
Los deportistas exageran el dolor de la lesión temporal en el juego para debilitar al contrincante (wingwave p147)
7
Q
¿Cuál es la parte de nuestros sistema cerebral común a todas las especies con un mínimo sistema nervioso?
A
El bulbo raquideo (brainstem) que rodea la parte superior final de la espina dorsal
8
Q
¿Que funciones controla el bulbo raquídeo?
A
Este cerebro básico o raíz regula el metabolismo del cuerpo así como las funciones esteriotipadas y movimientos reflejos. Esta parte del cerebro no piensa ni aprende, es más bien un conjunto de reguladores que mantienen el cerebro en funcionamiento.
9
Q
¿Qué otro nombre recibe el bulbo raquídeo?
A
Cerebro reptiliano
10
Q
¿Cuál es la evolución a grandes rasgos del bulbo raquídeo o cerebro reptiliano?
A
Después proliferaron los centros emocionales (incluyento la memoria y el aprendizaje) y de éstos el cortex (asociado con planificar, comprensión de lo que se siente sensorialmente y coordina el movimiento) y, con posterioridad, dos capas adicionales, el neocortex que configura las capas más exteriores del cerebro, asocidadas con el pensamiento y el lenguaje. El hecho de que el cerebro pensante saliese de las capas emocionales es interestante y nos demuestra que las capas emocionales estaban antes.
11
Q
En los centros emocionales, ¿Cuáles fueron las primeras áreas que se desarrollaron?
A
Los centros olfativos, asociados a todo tipo de situaciones, presa, sexual, etc. De hecho, el sistema límbico tiene una parte llamada rinencéfalo que es literalmente el cerebro nariz. Esta parte hizo posible recordar olores y asociarlos a emociones haciendo que recordemos lo que se puede comer y lo que no, etc.
12
Q
Qué forma tiene el sistema límbico y por qué se llama de esta manera.
A
Tiene forma del “Bagel” (rosca de pan compacto judío) con un bocado hecho. Limbus en latín quiere decir anillo. Rodea el bulbo raquídeo.
13
Q
¿Dónde se encuentra la amígdala?
A
En el sistema límbico
14
Q
¿Cuántas amigdalas tenemos?
A
Dos. Una a cada lado. Son más grandes que las de otras especies
15
Q
¿A qué dieron lugar la amígdala y el hipocampo?
A
Al cortex y luego al neocortex. Estas dos estructuras son la que están asociados en nuestro cerebro al aprendizaje y el recuerdo. Lav amigdala es la que procesa las emociones. Si extirpamos la amígdala se produce la ceguera emocional o incapacidad para poder sentir emociones. Normalmente no hay interes social y hay aislamiento.
16
Q
Cita dos partes del cinencéfalo o cerebro alfativo
A
El hipocampo y la amigdala.
17
Q
Cuál es el centro de almacenamiento de emociones (o la memoria emocional)
A
La amígdala
18
Q
¿Qué parte de la amigdala provoca las lágrimas?
A
El núcleo cingulado. Sin amígdala no hay lágrimas.
19
Q
What is the ‘off’ switch for the distressing emotions in the brain
A
The left prefrontal lobe. Is the neural thermostat regulating unpleasant emotions.
20
Q
What is the seat of fear and agressions
A
Right prefrontal lobes.
21
Q
If the amydala is the emergency trigger who is the counter part neutralizing this effect
A
Left prefrontal lobe. The amigdala proposes and the prefrontal lobe disposes.
22
Q
In right handed people, what is a key center of processing negative emotion?
A
Is the right half of the brain, while the center for speaking in the left. Once the right hemisphere recognizes that a word is upsetting, it transmits the information across the corpus callosum, the great divide between the brain’s halves, to the speech center, and a word is spoken in response (emotional intelligence p76)
23
Q
How unflappable (imperturbable) people deal with negative emotion?
A
They seem to be good in denying that stress in upsetting them and show a pattern of left frontal activations (center of good mood) and rest that is associated with positive feelings. This brain activity seems to be the key to their positive claims, despite the underlying physiological arousal that looks they distress.
24
Q
In which part of the brain resides empathy?
A
Right area of frontal lobes. Injuries in other parts of right hemisphere report difficulties to express their own emotions through their tone of voice or gesture. You can experience the emotion but you do not know how to convey it. Amygdala and its connections with the visual cortex (amygdala cortical way) seem to play a role too. From visual cortex to amygdala is the normal course for information but it seems that we have neurons in the virtual cortex that only react to certain facial expressions or gestures. These neurons are different from others that distinct familiar faces. So empathy seems to be a criteria for the development of our brain.
25
¿Cúal puede ser la anomalía cerebral de los psicópatas?
Hay palabras como matar que tienen un sentido emocional mientras que otras como silla tienen un sentido neurológico (las piensas y ya está). Parece ser que los psicópatas podrían tener alteraciones en su córtex verbal que les impide asociar sentimientos con estas palabras. Incluso puede ser que los psicópatas no tengan un entendimiento correcto de las palabras con carga emocional. No responden al miedo de recibir una descarga por temas límbicos. Como no tienen miedo no suelen sentirlo por el castigo futuro. El hecho de que esto pase no significa que la criminalidad sea una enfermedad. Es un elemento más entre unos cuantos.
26
Does the brain (and the central nervios system) and the immune system are related?
Yes they are, Ader discovered this by serendipity.
27
How are called the cells of hte immune system?
Macrophages
28
What is the touch point beetween the nervious system and immune system?
Electron-microscope studies, found synapselike contacts where the nerve terminals of the autonomic system have endings that directly are in contact with immune cells. Nerve cells throught neurotramitters regulate immune cells. This discovery was revolutionary as nobody expected to that nerves were ableto modulate the immune system.
29
Where are the cells of the immune system created
At the spleen (bazo)
30
What is the name of the hormones created under stress?
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine, also know as adrenaline and noradrenaline), cortisol, prolactil, and finally, both natural opiaceous, betaendorphine and enkephalin.
31
What are the diseases that some people can experiment if they have chronic anxiety, long periods of sadness, pessimism, unremitting tension or incessant hostility, recelntless cynicism or suspiciousness
Asthma, arthritis, headaches, peptit ulcers and heart disease
32
Are distressing emotions and toxic compsuntion (as smoking) a risk factor for the heart?
Yes
33
What are the main three emotions?
. anger: the emotion that seems to be more nocive to the heart. It can be reduce with anger-control training.
. anxiety:
. depression:
34
What can be the way of beat hostility?
To develop a more trusting heart
35
What it ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, which can trigger blood-vessel changes that may lead to heart attacks and strokes
36
Is real that optimism and hope have a real heling power?
Yes. People who have a great deal of hopefulness are better able to bear up under trying circumstances, including medical difficulties.
37
What are the theories about the effects of pessimism?
Pessimism leads to depression, which in turn interferes with the resistance of the immune system to tumors and infection (an unproven speculation at present. Or may be that pessimists neglect themselves (some studies have shown that they smoke and drink more, and exercise less, than optimists, and are generally much more carless about their health habits.
38
It true that some very serious studies have shown that that social isolation (the sense that you have nobody with whom you can share your private feelings or have close contact) doubles the chances of sickness or death. Side note, close ties would be translated as 'relaciones cercanas o personales de calidad'.
Yes, the study appeared in 1987 in Science. Isolation is harder on men than on women.
39
Why is social isolation impact higher in women than in men?
Because they have relationships that are emotionally closer then men's.
40
Is isolation and solitude the same?
No, solitude is a voluntary situation whilst isolation isn't.
41
Concerning social support? it is true that an experiments shown double survival lasting in women with breast cancer when they were not alone and participating in a group of other women also dying in comparison with those that confronted the illness alone?
Yes, this is true.
42
What causes PTSD?
An overaroused amygdala. This makes that the person has a hair-trigger (alta sensibilidad) that is a hallmark (caracteristico) of PTSD. The horror in memory, and the resulting hipervigilance, can last a live time. PSTD represents a perilous lowering of the neural set point for alarm, leaving the person to react to life's ordinary moments as though they were emergencies. Seems that this overaroused amygdala generates a change in brain chemistry that generated this.
43
Appart of an overaroused amygdala what other effects has PTSD in the brain?
In the locus ceruleus, catecholamines are produced to stamp memories with special intensity.
44
NEU NEU What is the paper of Locus ceruleus?
Is an structure that regulates the brain's secretion of two substances called catecholamines.
45
NEU NEU What are the catecholamines?
They are adrenaline and noradrenaline. They mobilize the body for an emergency and also stamp memories with an special strength.
46
NEU NEU Which systems are altered in the brain due to PTSD?
Locus ceruleus and the amygadala are closely linked, together with other limbic structures such as the hypocampus and the hypothalamus. The circuit of the catecholamies extends to the cortex. Changes in these systems are the ones that generate PTSD.
Seems that people with PTSD have a brain with less catecholamines stop substances. Other changes occur in the circuit linking the limbic brain with the pituitary gland, with regulates the release of CRF, the main stress hormone the body secretes to mobilize the emergency of fight/or/flight response. So what happens in PTSD is that CRF is oversecreted in locus ceruleus, amygdala and hippocampus, alerting the body for an emergency that is not really an emergency.
Third alteration takes place in the brain's opioid system that oversecretes endorphins to blunt the feeling of pain. This gives the person a higher tolerance to pain.
47
What are the symthops of PTSD?
Fear, hypervigilance, being easily upset and aroused, readiness for fight or flight, etc.
48
What are certain psychological symptoms long noted in PSTD?
Anhedonia (the inability to feel pleasure). Also dissociation can be found, the inability to remember crucial events during the days of the traumatic event.
49
How can we classify PTSD?
As a way of acquired fear. Is a way of fear conditioning, and neocortex plays a key role to overcome it.
50
NEU NEU What are the key elements involved in the remembering of fear?
The thalamus, amygdala and the prefrontal globe. This is the path of neural hijaking (término que usa Goleman para hablar de cuando estás super cabreado o asustado, el habla de un "secuestro").
51
In the PTSD fear relearning (that is say, the process that ends with fear in future events as they are not stressful, exaple you are afraid of german sheperd and then with one that is friendly you lose the fear to all of them) happens expontaneously?
No, it doesn't happen.
52
What is the way of healing from traumas provoked by PTSD?
Relearning. For instance when children play after a murder as it happened in the school where the guy with the machine gun (Purdy) killed 5 kids. The games with him included in one or the other way are good. So memory repetitions in a context of low stress are healing. On the other hand, this kind of plays make that children in their fantasy can give another end to the history. So children process trauma in another way, not blocking out the trauma in their thoughts, but playing, recalling and rethinking their ordeals (calvarios).
53
What is the 'primay process'
The name Freud gave to the vehicles that allow people to express feelings that they would not dare to express in another way. This can take the form of painting, etc. Such hidden references to the traumatic scene almost always appear in the artwork of traumatized children.
54
What are the three stages to recover from PTSD?
. Attaining a sense of safety: finding ways to calm the too-fearful emotinal circuits enought to allow relearning.
. Remembering the details of the trauma. This makes that some of the dissociated (forgotten) emotions are now labeled with words. This facts makes that this memories are more in control of the neocortex, where the reactions they trigger can be more understandable and more manageable.
. Mourning the loss it has brought
. Reestablishing a normal life.
55
What is another example of the difficulty of imagining pictures that you have not seen?
Affective forecasting (people tend to imagine the future considering how they feel today instead of assessing how they will feel in the future
56
Working memory, the one we use to hold complex concepts, usually involves…
visuospatial or auditory as we relate lots of concepts. Circuits compete with one another to form the best internal representation of the external object.
57
How many representations of visual objects an get the brain at a time?
One. Is like seeing the picture of the old and young women at the same time, you only can focus in one of them you cannot see both at the same time
58
What is to rough out (aspero-fuera) in terms of neuroscience?
We will explain this with an analogy. Use the photos in low resolution to make the initial works and once decided how the full history will be to use the definitive photos. Long history short not to use a lot of ideas at the same time. Using a less defined representation of an idea frees up resources needed for important functions such as taking different perspectives, etc.
59
What is a practical applications of rough out?
Ability to simplify complicated ideas into core elements by business people.
60
What is more efficient to remember element by element or chunks of information?
Chunks. Becoming and expert in any filed seems to involve creating large numbers of chunks, which enable you to make faster and better decisions than amateurs. It takes about 10 years of practice to develop sufficient chunks in any new filed to achieve 'mastery'.
61
What are the three ways of maximize the one-at-a-time attention
. To more things automating
. Get things to do in the best possible order (taking the time to work out the right order to make decisions can save a lot of effort and energy overall)
. Mix up your attention (scheduling work according to the type of mental tasks needed)
62
What basal ganglia (there's several of them) do?
Are central to how the brain stores routine functions. Routine functions are routines that have a pre-established steps that fill together in a certain order. Your basal ganglia recognize, store, and repeat patters in your environment. They are similar to the IF-THEN structure in software coding. They have a very big appetite for patterns
63
What are white-matter connections?
Long range structures that join different brain regions
64
All brain regions are equality connected?
No, prefrontal cortex is well connected with some other brain regions, while some regions, such as the amygdale have a more limited set of connections.
65
What is long term potentiation?
Is the effect that occurs when something is repeated 3 times and when basal ganglia starts to automate, and by the way, they do it unconsciously (you can have patterns created in the basal ganglia that you cannot describe). Is also called hardwiring.
66
What is a mental bottleneck?
A series of unfinished connections that take up mental energy, forming a queue. Other decisions wait in the queue waiting for another decision.
67
What is ambient neural activity?
The think (or random thoughts) wandering that we have fruit of the connections, reconfigurations and reconnecting in your brain. In some other schools is called ego
68
What is a one of the theories about schizophrenia?
That this patients are not able to control neural activity, that is say, to eliminate/ignore the thoughts that come to their minds
69
What is the part of the brain that we activate when we have attention lapses?
Medial prefrontal cortex. It activates the default network, that is to say, the part of your brain that you activate when you are focusing on yourself. The default network is also called the narrative circuity
70
True or false. When we get distracted it's often a result of thinking about ourselves, which activates the default network in the brain
True
71
True or false. Prefrontal cortex is only 4% of the brain, so the rest of the brain is bigger and stronger.
True. This points to the importance of increasing the strength of the networks linking the prefrontal cortex with the rest of the brain.
72
What is the part of the brain that detects novelty (novedad)
Anterior cingulated cortex, is thought of as our error-detection circuit because it lights up when you notice something contraty to what is expected, such as comiting a mistake or feeling pain (dibujo en loc 930 libro rock)
73
What is more effective, to try to focus a lot or to being strong avoiding the things that preven you from focus
Inhibiting distractions
74
What is the part of the brain central for all types of inhibitiions
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) when you inhibit a motor, cognitive o emotinoal response this region becomes active. It is brain braking system. The ability to use this braking system it seems to correlate on how well you can focus. Picture on location 962 rock book
75
What is the brain veto power?
Ability to choose whether to act on an impulse
76
What is a good habit to avoid distractions?
Exert brain veto power (Ability to choose whether to act on an impulse) early, quickly, often and wel before the impulses take over
77
True or false. You are more likely to be able to vet an action if you have explicit language for the mental process involved, therefore, language can help inhibittion
True. This question can help make your brain's processes more explicit and, as a result, give you more veto power over dealing with too much information or distractions. You are more likely to be able to veta an action if you have explicit language for the mental processes involved.
78
True or false. Having explicit language for mental patterns gives you a greater ability to stop patterns emerging early on, before they take over
True
79
What is arousal?
Brain level of activity
80
Is arousal required for the optimization of prefrontal cortex performance?
Yes, that level is quite high, but not too high
81
How can we measure arousal?
.Electroencephalogram, which measures types and levels of electrical activity in the brain with the placement of sensor pads on the skull
.Increased blood flow, with a functional magnetic resonance imagery
82
True or false. Prefrontal cortex needs the maximum arousal possible
False. Prefrontal cortex needs just the right level of arousal to make decisions to solve problems well. And the level is personal, no general rules
83
Is there a 'sweet spot' for arousal level concerning brain optimal performance
Yes it is, is respons to an inverted U shape function. Performance is poor al low levels of stress, hits a sweet spot at reasonable levels of stress and tapers off under high stress. Add ilustration loc 1104 rock
84
It is true that stress would be better to disappear from our lives?
No, stress is good for our performance
85
what is Eustress?
what is Eustress?
86
What happens when you do not activate your prefrontal cortex?
Basal ganglia take over
87
What is a synapse?
An small gap between two neurons. There are receptors at both sides of the synapse that convert electrical impulse in a chemical one. The can transmit excitatory (do) or inhibitory signals (do not do). The electrical to chemical to electrical communication system is called synaptic firing.
88
What do we need to have good synapses in the prefrontal cortex?
Dopamine and norepnephrine (also known as noradrenalina), without enough of these two chemicals, you experience boredom, under-arousal. Too much, stress and over-arousal
89
Is norepinephrine (noradrenaline) linked with fear?
Yes, that is the reason why if you are very relax a good technique could be imagine something bad happens, then you start segregating this substance. But remember, you want to arouse the brain just enough to get motivated, but no so much that you end up obsessing about your fear and increasing your allostatic load.
90
Is dopamine linked with interest and novelty?
Yes, dopamine is released in a number of situations, but specially when the orbital frontal cortex detect novelty
91
What to say something new is easier than to repeat it?
Becuase you are noticing the pleasant buzz of new circuits being activated for the first time. Each time you repeat, you do not have the dopamine buzz of novelty
92
True or false. Expecting a positive event, anything the brain perceives as a reward, generates dopamine.
True
93
True or false. Using positive expectations or humor to generate arousal, rather than fear is less advantageous.
False, it is better to use positive expectations than fear. Humor and positive expectations activate both dopamine and adrenaline. Fear yields adrenaline but the expectations of negative events reduces dopamine
94
What can you do when you cannot think? (too much arousal in your brain)
1. Get ideas out of your head, write them down
2. Activating other regions of the brain, which tends to deactivate the prefrontal cortex. For instance focusing on the sounds arround you, which activates brain regions involved in perceiving information coming into senses
3. Activate your motor cortex, by doing anything physical, which makes glucose and oxigen to flow to other parts of the brain that need them
95
True of false. Effect of dopamine (novelty). Studies have found that new lovers brains have a lot in common with people consuming due to the presence of dopamine
True
96
What is flow state?
The experience at the top of the U as being in the optimal state between too much stress (over-arousal) and boredom (under-arousal). It's when you are immersed in an experince and time seems to stand still
97
It is true that flow is one of the three drivers of human happiness?
Yes, that is what Martin Seligman, founder of positive psychology thought. Flow is more important to happiness than hedonistic happiness (you we get from a good meal or fine wine)
98
How is flow related with positive psychology?
Seems that in the state of flow we focus in our strengths, a set of behaviours we have become so good at that they are somehow embedded
99
What is the neuroscience explanation for flow state?
what happens is a large number of new connections are made, but from a base of safety, because you already have many connections to build on. The result is a strong flow of dopamine and norepinephrine without a lot of effort. This flow of neurochemicals occurs becuase many new connections are forming. The chemistry helps to focus, and this focus then helps creating more connections. A positie spiral is created where you feel focused and energyzed
100
What is priming?
Without knowing why, we remember words or concepts you have seen recently and that these automatically influence your actions subconsciously
101
What do we have to do with our prefrontal cortex to be creative?
Switch off its concious, linear processes, so it can be more creative on demand
102
How do we call when we cannot recall something or we cannot be creative in neuroscience?
An impasse (impasse phenomenon), is a roadblock to a desired mental path
103
What is an insight (different from an impasse)
It is a solution to a given problem that requires recombined knowledge (the maps in your brain), that is to say to combine the knowledge in a fully new way
104
What is the frequency of use of the insight approach in comparison with the logical approach (trying one idea after another until something clicks)
logic 60% insight 40%
105
What caracterizes insight
Lack of logical progression to the solution, but instead a sudden 'knowing' regarding the answer. The solution comes to you and it is surprissing, and when it comes you have a great deal of confidence in it, the answer seems to be obvious when you see it. This happens becuase you discover and answer that your subconscious has already discover, a priming moment takes place. Insights come from nowhere and your not putting conscious effort on them
106
What is the best way to understand insights?
To understand what happens before the insight, the impasse experience. Normally we try to apply strategies that worked in the past and this is counter productive. To have an insight the projection of prior experience needs to be suppressed and inhibited.
107
Is inhibition a bad thing for creativity?
No, it is a very good thing, as makes your prior approaches to one given problem are not taking the lead and the relevance. Wrong answers are stoping the right ones from emerging. To break out our fixed ways of thinking is very challenging. Knowing a problem too well can be the reason why you can't find a solution
108
Why insights come out of the concentration of the moment?
Becuase your active ways of thinking diminish
109
Why some other can see solutions to your problems better than you?
Because they are not hung up with your fixed ways of thinking as you are, they are not lock into your way of thinking.
110
What is the brain part related with insights?
The right anterior temporal lobe, a region underneath the right ear. This area allows you to pull together distantly related information, it is part of the right hemisphere, the emisphere related to holistic connections.
111
What happens when we focus on details?
We disrupt the insight process, by shifting our brain into the left-hemisphere mode
112
True of false. People having insights experience an intriguing brain signal just before the insight occurs.
True. The brain goes quiet, like a car in idle. About a seconnd and a half before people solved the problem they had an increase of alpha band activity over the right occipital lobe, the brain region that processes visual information. Then in the precise moment of the insight the alpha band disapeared
113
There is a relation between emotional states and insight?
Yes, more happy more insights, while anxiety decreases the likelihood of insight
114
Why companies such as Google create work environments that allow for fun?
When you are anxious, there is greater baseline activation and more baseline activation and overall electrical activity, which makes it harder for you to perceive subtel signals. This decreases the quality of ideas
115
Who are the people having more insights?
Those that are more aware of their internal experience, they can observe their own thinking and this way change the way they think. This people have better cognitive control and thus can access a quieter midn on demand
116
What is the ARIA model
A David Rock model to increase insight (Awareness, Reflection, Insight and Action). You are aware of your impasse, you simplify the problem and describe it in as few words as possible. On the reflection phase you hold you impasse but you reflect on your thinking processes rather than on the content of thoughts. The insight phase is plenty of gamma waves. Action phase is your opportunity to harness the energy released upon the formation of an insight
117
What are gamma waves?
Fastest brain waves, representing a group of neurons firing in unison, forty times a second, this signifies brain regions communicating with one another. People in meditation have a lot gamma waves.
118
What other event happens in an insight appart from a rise in gamma waves?
Rush of adrenaline and dopamine
119
What are the names that we can heard related to the concept of observing to ourselves?
Meta-cognition, meta-awareness, mindfulness, self-awareness.
120
What is the executive function?
A part of the working memory (the stage in Rock's book) with seems to be a high part of the working memory, monitoring your thinking and choosing how best to allocate resources
121
What is social congnitive neuroscience?
The part of the science that research how brains interact amongst them (cooperation, competition, self-knowledge, fairness, social pain)
122
Are the brain parts that we use to understand other the same that we use to understand us?
Yes
123
Why is Meta-cognition, meta-awareness, mindfulness or self-awareness necessary?
As this real-time goal-directed modulation of behaviour is the key to acting as a mature adult. You need this capacity to free yourself from the automatic flow of experience and to choose where to direct your attention
124
What is the definition of mindfulness?
Experience of paying close attention, to the present, in an open and accepting way, is the ability to pause before we react.
125
What is interoception?
The awareness of signals comiing from inside of you, your internal world
126
What is the most used scale to measure mindfulness?
the Mindful Awareness Attention Scale (MAAS)
127
Do mindfulness correlate with mental health and quality of relationships?
Yes, high and directly (more mindfulness more mental and quality). Mindfulness is useful for getting and staying healthy
128
What is a map (also called networks or circuits).
Internal representations of the outside word in your brain. They are developed based on what you pay attention to over time. We are born with a strong capacity for certain maps to emerge automatically
129
How many sets or kinds of maps do we have?
(Two)
. One if using 'default network' with includes the medial prefrontal cortex, along with memory regions such as the hippocampus. This network is called default because it becomes active then not much else is happening, and you think about yourself. Is the network involved in planning, daydreaming and ruminating. It becomes active when you think about yourself and another people and it is narrative (story lined with characters interacting with one another over time). When the default network is active you are thinking about your history and future and all the people you know, including yourself
. Direct Experience network, when active several different brain regions become more active. This included the insula, a region that relates to perceiving bodily sensations, also the cingulate cortex, a region central to detecting errors and switching your attention. When it is activated you are experiencing information coming into your senses in real time.
This two circuits are inversely correlated, if you think in a meeting, for instance, when washing dishes you may end up this a finger scratch.
130
What is the good effect of doing mindfulness meditation?
Activating the direct experience network:
. You can distinguish between the narrative network and and the direct experience? And therefore you can identify the interpretations added by yourself to facts. This thickens the circuitry involved in observing internal states
. You expand your ability to feel throught your senses which is good for you taking decisions (better perception)
131
What is the effect of meditation over your maps?
You can distinguish better when you are in the default network or in the direct experience one, and they can switch them also better whereas poeple who had not practiced noticing these patch were more likety to automatically take the narrative path
132
True or false. By understanding your brain, you increase your capacity to change your brain
True. It is in this way that we can use the vfocus of the mind to change the function and ultimately the structure of the brain. In fact some areas in the cortex involved in cognitifve control thicken
133
What are the brain parts that form the limbic system?
Amygdale, hipoocampus, cingulate gyrus, orbital frontal cortex and the insula
134
What is the function of the limbic system?
This system tracks your emotional relationship to thoughts, objects, people, and events. It determines how do you feel about the world moment to moment, drives your behaviour, often unconsciously. Location 1735 in the book
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What is the organizing principle of the brain?
Minimazing danger, maximize reward
136
What are the emotions 'toward' and the emotinos 'against'
Curiosity, happiness and contentment are toward responses, anxiety, sadness and fear are away responses.
137
What is a primary threat?
A threat that could endanger yuor life
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What is a primary reward?
Something that could help you survive
139
What are the decisions that the limbic system make?
Toward and away
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What are the two more relevant structures of the limbic system
Hipocampus (declarative memory, that is to say, consciously experienced) and the amygdale (the brain thermometer for feelings, is as aroused as the emotion). Toward and against emotions arouse the amygdala in different ways.
141
True or false. Hippo campus is an import part of the network that remembers whether something is a danger or a reward, linking new experiences to previous memories.
True
142
What is the structure that sits just above the smell areas?
Amygdale
143
What is the difference between toward and away emotions?
Toward emotions are more subtle, more easily displaces and harder to build on, that away emotions
144
What do away responses?
Away responses reduce cognitive resources, making harder t othink about your own thinking. This makes you more defensive
145
What is the impact of over-arousal in the limpic system?
Reduces the resources available for prefrontal cortex functions.
146
What is emotion labeling?
Is the fact of adding some words that label our emotions
147
What is emotional labeling for?
.Makes that the amigdala has less activity and therefore that our responses are more ponderated. The area that gets activated when we label is the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, which is one of the areas related with brain braking (inhibición). The vetrolateral prefrontal cortex is activated even when people is not aware that they are inhibiting themselves
.Helps manage the emotions better
.Labeling an emotion can reduce limbic system arousal
148
How do we label emotions?
You need to give a few words to each emotion, ideally using simbolic messaging, which means using indirect metaphors, metrics and simplifications of your experince
149
What is an incorrect way of labeling emotions?
Describe an emotion with one or two words is OK, open up a dialogue about an emotion increases it. So labeling need to be symbolic, not a long dialogue about an emotion, for it to reduce limbic arousal.
150
What is the brain feature that is made evident in people that are more mindful?
Amygdale deactivation is more frequent
151
How can an executive be in a high limbic arousal and still remain calm?
Thanks to emotion labelling
152
What do successful people in relation with Stress?
They harness deep stress and turn it into eustress, thus enhancing prefrontal cortex functioning. They do this by naming
153
What is a practical application of labeling?
When you sense, a strong emotion coming on, refocus your attention qucikly on another stimulus, befor the emotion takes over. Practice asigning words to emotional states to reduce arousal once it kicks
154
Your limbic system can be over aroused by…
Emotions from the past emerging in the present or by future events
155
What is one of the most favorite brain predilections?
Prediction, brain wants to predict. The brain also likes to know what is going on by recognizing patterns in the world. It like to feel certain
156
What is the primary function of the neo-cortex?
Prediction, brain wants to predict
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What is an example of a towards response concerning prediction?
The hability to predict, and then obtain data that meets those predictions, generates an overall toward response. This is why games as solitaire, sudoku and crossword puzzles are enjoyalble
158
What is an element that can make that stress is not so bad for your body?
Whether this stress is controllable or not. If you feel it is not controllable then you are in a worse situation. The perception of control over an stressor alters the stressor´s impact. The perception of choice may be more imporatnt than diet and other factors for health. Finding that you have choices in a situation reduces the threats from both autonomy and uncertainly
159
What is the part of the brain that establishes if we are in control or not?
Prefrontal cortex
160
What is responsibility in brain terms?
Ability to respond, normally in a toward response, by making an active choice.
161
What is the source of our emotions?
Interpretations or appraisals of the world?
162
What is a reappraisal or cognitive reappraisal? (also known as re framing or re-contextualizing)
The ability to consciously choosing to see a situation differently. Change your interpretation of the meaning of the situation
163
What is the other cognitive change strategy for regulating emotions (first was labeling)
Cognitive reappraisal. Its impact is bigger than labeling, thus it is a tool for reducing the impact of bigger emotional hits.
164
What is not a cognitive change strategy for regulating emotions?
Suppression
165
It is possible to reappraise in a negative way?
Yes it is, and it is not convenient becuase that means to alter the perspectives for the worse.
166
What happens when people reappraise positively?
Increased activation of the right and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and a corresponding reduction in activation of the limbic system
167
What are the differences of labeling and reappraising in terms of people predictions?
People incorrectly predict that labelling will increase arousal and they correctly predict that reappraisal can reduce arousal
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What are the four main ways of reappraising?
. Dedice that a thread is not longer a thread (reinterpreting)
. See your emotion as an emotion that some others have also (normalizing)
. The brain takes information in a determined order, normally keeping information in hierarchies, positioning all information in relation with some other information (Reordering information)
. Find a new position from which to look at the event (repositioning) see the situation not with your view of the world but in somebody else's
169
What is the activity that tries to develop reappraisal activities in people?
Coaching
170
Is humor a form of reappraissal?
Yes
171
Name two primary rewards or threats for the brain?
Certainty and autonomy. We gain them when we practice reappraisal.
172
False or true. Strong emotions generated by certainty and autonomy may need more than laeling to be managed
True
173
What can do the expectation of a positive reward do?
It can decrease your ability to process information correctly or even what and how you perceive
174
Do expectations alter perception?
Yes they do. Unmet expectations often create a threat response and, as the brain is built to avoid threat, people tend to work hard to reinterpret events to meet their expectations. It's common to fit incoming data into expectations and to ignore data don't fit.
175
What substance is released at a brain level when you know you are going to have a reward?
Dopamine
176
How can we define dopamine?
The neurotransmitter of desire
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True or false. Dopamine levels rise when you want something
True. Dopamine is a driver of the reward response in most of the animal kingdom. Dopamine is central to the toward response, being open, curious, and interested
178
Does dopamine affects the number of connections per second in the brain?
Yes, with more dopamine more connections and the other way around (less)
179
How can you manage your expectations properly (manage your dopamine properly)?
Observ your expectations, a firstly minimize thread, only when this happens you can increase possible rewards. We need to watch how expectations alter our state of mind
180
What can be another action to boost your mood appart from paying additional attention to positive expectations your will be met fro sure?
Make sure you keep your expectations low
181
Name three specific techniques for staying cool under pressure?
. For average emotional hits you can try labeling your emotions, for more stronger emotinoal hits you can reappraise, that can increase both certainty and autonomy. To help reduce future rusts of arousal, you can manage your expectations (being aware of what they are and choosing new ones)
182
False or true. Expectations activate the dopamine circuitry, central for thinking and learning
True
183
Enumerate some basic needs of the brain
Food, water, shelter, certainty and social needs (if this needs are not there create a sense of threat that can quickly devolve into conflicts between people)
184
Why dealing with people can be overwhelming for some technical profiles?
They have built their mental maps around logical systems such as computers or engineering
185
What is the difference between animals and people at the time of building their maps?
Animals get the maps from nature directly, humans get the maps from other humans
186
What are the parts of the brain that have a relation with our social activities, that is to say, what we call the social brain network?
The parts that allow us to connect and understand others and to control ourselves:
.prefrontal cortex
.right and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
.anterior cingulate cortex
.insula
.amigdala
187
Why do we think that social needs are for the brain in the category of social threads and rewards?
Seems that babies experience social needs (that is why they have jealousy for instance)
188
Why Maslow was not completelly correct?
There is evidences that relatedness is a primary need for the brain. Being connected to others in a positive ay, feeling a sense of relatedness, is a basic need for human beings, similar to eating and drinking. Having friends around your reduces a deeply ingrained biological threat response.
189
Why can be a mistake to make jokes in a conference call?
Becuase it is more difficult to connect the way the brain is connecting with involves to copy other emotional states and intents directly with our mirror neurones
190
When mirror neurones light? (se activan)
When others do what is called an intentional action. They only light up when they see other person perfroming an action that has a specific intent behind it. Randoms actions do not light up mirror neurones. Mirror neurones provide a direct experience of another person's intent. When we see other's facial expressions, we activate the same in our own motor cortex, but we also transmit this information to the insula, involved in our emotions
191
What is the relation between mirror neurons and intuition?
When somebody picks up a glass, your brain does the same. It's through this capacity tat you get this intuitive understanding of other people's goals
192
What is a possible theory for autism?
Problems with mirror neurones
193
Why managers should be extra conscious of the emotions?
because their levels of stress and their emotions really do impact others
194
Mirror neurons can work without visual information?
Yes, they can, through auditory cues, especially for the stronger away emotional states
195
what makes you have a a good rapport with somebody?
Your use one set of brain circuits for thinking about people who you believe are like you, who you feel are friends, and a different set for those your view as different from you, as foes.
196
What do we have a culture of silos in companies?
People that you do not know tend to be classified by your brain as foe (enemigo) until proven otherwise
197
What is the chemical that we release when we interact with some othe people?
Oxytocine, a pleasurable chemical, the same than a baby releases when in contact with her mother. This is released when you dance together, interact well, etc. Is the neurochemistry of safe connectivity. Oxytocine is the chemical responsible for proximity.
198
What we use ice breakers in courses and in client meetings
To generate oxytocine
199
What is the only way of being happy in the long period?
The ability to generate social connections, marriage, sex, children, etc. Do not get this goal, only social connections.
200
What is spreading activation?
When you talk to other people more parts of the brain are activated, memory regions and motors centers. This process makes easier to recall ideas later on, as your have left a wider trail of connections to follow
201
What is a practical application of the foe concept?
To enter in a party and do not now anybody activates de threat response
202
What happens with a foe and empathy?
When you perceive a foe you do not feel empathy for this person, therefore there is less oxytocin, that is to say, less pleasant sensation of collaboration overall
203
What is the explanation of less performance when you work with somebody that you have classified as a foe?
You have to multitask, that is to say, you have to deal with a foe and do the task and this is why it is more difficult to perform.
204
How to convert a foe in a friend?
Generating some oxytocine by talking about a common matter, getting introduced, etc.
205
Is coaching or mentoring a viable tool to generate oxytocine?
Yes, they are
206
Is water-cooler activities (supongo que quiere decir algo parecido a romper el hielo) a good way of fostering productivity?
Yes, some encouraging for people to know each other and generate social connections helps productivity (up to a certain level of course).
207
What is another primary need for the brain?
Fairness. The tendency to prefer equity and resist unfair outcomes is deeply rooted in people.
208
Name a big driver of behavior?
Fairness
209
What is the region of the brain that responds when we get a primary reward?
Striatum. This area is involved in reinforcement and in reward-based learning, when people is fairly treated this circuit is activated.
210
What is the region of the brain activated when we experience unfairness?
The anterior insula
211
Are gustatory and social disgust processed in the same part of the brain?
Yes, in the ventral striatum
212
What is the historical origin of the concept of fairness?
Fairness is a by-product of the need to trade efficiently
213
What is the price of perceiving unfairness?
Generates intense arousal of the limbic system, accidental connections become easier, if you think somebody is being unfair, everyone else may seem to be acting unfairly too.
214
What is the main source of arguments between people?
Incorrect perceptions of unfairness, triggering events that activate an even deeper sense of unfairness in all parties. Normally the trigger is a person misreading one person's intent, being slightly mind-blind for a moment, the result can be an intense downward spiral, driven by accidental connections and one's expetations then altering the perception
215
What is necessary to manage unfairness response?
To do it quickly, before arousal kicks in
216
What is the brain response when you experience a fair response?
. Increase of seretonine, that puts us at ease
. Oxytocin levels increase in fair exchanges too
. Dopamine
This generates a toward emotinoal state that makes you open to new ideas and more willing to connect with other people.
217
How is Prozac and Zoloft operate?
.They increase the level of serotonin in the brain
218
What are the elements of the SCARF model?
The five domains of social experince that your brain treats as survival issues: Status, Certainty, Autonomy, Relatedness and Fairness
219
How can you relate fairness and workplace?
Workplaces that truly allow employees to experience an increasing perception of fairness might be intrinsically rewarding.
220
How can you relate fairness and downsizing (restructuración de personal)
If people feel that the downsizing is fair the impact is lower in the morale
221
What is the effect of unfairness in people
. Increase of cortisol
. Less quality of live
. Less longevity
222
What is giving as rewarding as receive or more?
It activates a reward response in the brain that are similar in both cases
223
Why the kindness of the strangers is so rewarding?
You have both positive effects the one of fairness and the one of unexpected expectatives (foe response) being not confirmed
224
Why the defeat effects is higher with friends?
You have both negative effects the one of fairness not there and the one of expected expectatives (friend response) being not confirmed. This is way arousal is high when somebody 'fails' you
225
What is the key to accept and manage unfairness?
Be able to regulate your emotions. Remember that strong limbic arousal is good for physical activity but reduces creative thinking
226
What is a primary reward?
Fairness
227
What is a primary threat?
Unfairness
228
What is another element of the SCARF model that is important to social behaviour?
Status, that is another primary reward or threat
229
What is it that explains that people feels good meeting people that are less good as themselves?
Status, this is the idea of a german concept called schadenfreude
230
What is schadenfreude?
The idea that explains that people feels good meeting people that are less good as themselves. Studies showed that rewards circuits are activated when people sees other as worse as they are
231
What is it that makes that people likes to win arguments?
Status
232
Enumerate examples of status effects in society
. Fashion brands
. Google (work for free to be included)
. Organizational hierarchies
233
What have studies shown concerning status?
That you create a representation of yourown and someone else's status in the brain when you communicate, which influences how you interact with others
234
What is the mandate of marketing firms?
Fear and the promise of increased status?
235
What is the recurring themes of television franchises?
. Ordinary people doing extraordinary things (giving you hope that you could have higher status one day)
. Extraordinary people doing ordinary things (giving you hope than even thought you may be ordinary you are the same as people with high status)
236
What is the more common response related to status?
Thread
237
What is a feeling, or painful experience, that is very intense and that is related to status?
Feeling less than others (ouch!). Exclusion and rejection is physiologically painful. A feeling of being less than others people activates the same brain regions as physical pain.
238
What are the parts of the brain that are activated when people is excluded?
Dorsal portion of the anterior cingulate cortex, with is the neural region that's also involved in the distressing component of pain (suffering component of pain)
239
What are the side effects of the status-drop expectation?
Many people go to great lengths to avoid situations that could put their status at risk. They stay away of any activity they are not confident in, which, because of the brain relationship to novelty, can mean avoiding anything new
240
Why people do not like to be wrong?
It decreases your status. Being right is more important to people then just anything else
241
What is the effect of an aroused limbic system (cabreo)?
Makes accidental connections and thinks pessimistically
242
What is the source of many arguments and conflicts at work?
They have status at their core. Make comments about the status of a person isn't a great idea at a meeting.
243
What are the effects of an status increase?
Dopamine and serotonin levels increase, related to happyness, and cortisol go down, a marker of low stress. Testosterone increases making people can focus, also confident. The number of connections of the brain per hour increases
244
You can find your status by…?
Finding a way to feel smarter, funnier, healthier, etc… or by beating other people just about anything at all. The key is to find a 'niche' where you feel you are 'above' others
245
What is very frequent in the corporate world meetings?
People talking at meetings intending to edge their individual status, or to decrease other status (similar to sibling rivalry as both situations take place unconsciously waiting cognitive resources)
246
What is good and bad in status fighting?
The good side is that everybody stays focused, but on the other hand there are always loosers, this is a zero sum game, so people then won't collaborate well (relatedness)
247
Why is positive feedback sometimes not reaching the other person?
You give others a sense of increasing their status, and this activates their thread response of fear of losing the status. On the other hand, another explanation is that saying somebody does very good things activates your own threat response as you perceive a change of status also. This is the explanation of why always Associates ask for recognition and employers are not so good giving it to Associates as management is fearful of status-drop
248
Why puting your status down and other's status up to help them may actually threaten yours?
On the other hand, another explanation is that saying somebody does very good things activates your own threat response as you perceive a change of status also
249
How can you put your status up and other's also up?
Playing against yourself. Fighting each day to improve yourself. Play with your former self. Thinking about yourself and about others uses the same circuits. You can harness the power of the thrill of "beating the other guy" by making that other guy you. As you improve your skills in this area you raise your status, without risking other's people status. Find ways to play against yourself and pay attention to incremental improvements, the slighest feeling of improvement can generate a pleasant and helpful reward
250
What is needed to play agaist yourself?
Know yourself
251
What is the feature of the social pain that is not the same with phisycal pain?
It comes back when you think about it. This do not happens in physical pain.
252
How can you use the SCARF model to realte with others
. Make them feeling well about them selves (raise status)
. Clarify their spectations on you (increase certainty)
. Let them have space to make decisions (autonomy)
. Connect with them on a human level (relatedness)
253
What is the central challenge to create real change in others?
Influence them to go from the threat state to focus
254
What is the default approach to helping people?
When you try to convince somebody with suggestions
255
What is the first wrongly strategy used to facilitate change?
Give feedback. Feedback generates an away response (threat). The sentence 'let me tell you what others have been saying about you" is one of the most consistent way of making people anxious. Bringing other people to insight means letting go of "constructive performance feedback" and replacing it with "facilitating positive change".
256
True or false. Cars and software are linear systems. Problems at work, like corporations and people generally, are often complex and dynamic
True
257
Why is not convenient to bring exclusively problems to mind?
Because this increases limbic arousal, making it harder to solve them. Solving problems involves getting around an impasse. Problem solving generate a little rush of dopamine, which drags you farther into the story. That leads sometime to not pay attention to the important problems and you focus in the interesting ones.
258
How do past and future relate with certainty?
Past has a lot of certainty and future little? That is why we tend to focus more in the past that in the future (SCARF). The brain has few circuits for the future, conceptually speaking electrical impulses are more likely to travel along existing paths, because this requires less energy than travelling along paths that don't yet exist.
259
When solving a problem when is the best hemisphere to involve?
The right one, helpful for having insights, whichs is how complex problems are solved. When you solve problems you are more likely to connect with the emotions associated to this problems and this generates more noise in the brain.
260
Is focusing on solutions the natural tendency of the brain?
No, solutions are untested and therefore uncertain. That is why we tend to focus more on problems.
261
Why in coaching we do not provide solutions or give opinions?
Becuase we do not want to attack peoples autonomy (Autonomy SCARF) we want them to continue considering it is their choice not ours (Status SCARF). Giving advice is inefficient and it is not easy as you have to hold back your "solutions" and the desire of solving the problem yourself.
262
What are the main strategies people use help another person?
. Give advice about what to do
. Give advice about what not to do
. Dive into the problem
This is not correct, insights happen when people think globally and widely rather than focusing on the details. Insights require a quiet brain, meaning there is an overall low level of electrical activity
263
How can you help people overcome and impasse with the scarf model? (shift them from an away response to a towards response)
. Encourage (Status)
. Clarifying objectives (Certainty)
. Allowing ideas (Autonomy)
. Ask people to simplify problems into as few words as possible (reduce load to prefrontal cortex)
264
What is a correct indicator of status (not cars, positions, etc)?
The capacity that people have to change
265
Are there domestic activities that increase dopamine levels?
Yes for instance, putting everything in its place (ordenar)
266
Which part of the psychology generated the carrot-and-stick approach? (conditioned response)
Behaviourism. This model do not work well but has been popular as is a simple and certain model (SCARF)
267
What is the reaction to carrot-and-stick approach?
Models that give a lot of importance to attention itself. Models that foster than attention itself changes the brain
268
How is the brain at rest and when it is concentrated with something (attention)?
At rest it is noisy and disperse. Concentrated is like bringing the orchestra together. When concentrated gamma band electrical wave is at the fastest possible frequency, same than when we have an insight
269
Changing the way you pay attention can change the circuitry of the brain?
Yes, neuroplasticity is real, now it is believed this happens
270
What is necessary to change culture?
Focus other peoples attention in new ways long enough. But it is not easy as sensing that somebody is trying to change you creates an automatic threat response, linked to uncertainty status and autonomy.
271
How do you facilitate self-directed neuroplasticity on a large scale?
. Generate a relaxed environment (no threads)
. You help others to focus their attention in the right way to create just the right connections. Once the general threat levels are reduced focus people's attention on exactly the direction you want them to go
. You need people to pay attention to their new circuits over and over (repetition)
272
What is the so called assimilation process in the brain?
How well new facts align with brain intrinsic goals such as the need of SCARF. So you accept a promotion because, for instance, generates more certainty to you.
273
What great leaders to with the SCARF model?
. Are humble (to reduce the status thread)
. Generate clear expectations and talk about the future (generate certainty)
. Allow others make decisions (generate Autonomy)
. Have presence and a human dimension (to generate relatedness)
. Keep promised (are perceived as fair)
274
Relaciona parcelización (o división) con visión holística en relación a los hemisferios cerebrales
Hemisferio holístico es el derecho, el izquierdo es el de la parcelización. COACHING CON PNL p199
275
Relaciona el tipo de objetivos con el hemisferio.
Diseñar objetivo propios es tarea del hemisferio izquierdo, prescindir de los propios objetivos es trabajo del hemisferio derecho. El hemisferio izquiero es el organizado y el derecho el creativo. COACHING CON PNL p199
276
Qué son las experiencias de referencia
Estímulos grabados en nuestra neurología y que conforman nuestro modelo del mundo. Estas experiencias pautan como percibimos la realidad, como pensamos sobre ella, sobre nosotros y sobre los demás. Están asociadas a la memoria a largo plazo y al sistema límbico. Por eso las experiencias de referencia pueden desencadenar respuestas inconscientes.
