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Neuroscience > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different causes of an axonal injury in the PNS?

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Crush
  3. Shear
  4. Laceration
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2
Q

what are the 2 ways axons in the PNS will regrow?

A
  1. axonal sprouting
    1. collateral
    2. regenerative
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3
Q

what are the steps in axonal regeneration following injury in the PNS?

A
  1. injury to peripheral nerve
  2. macrophages rapidly remove myelin debris
  3. expression of growth-related factors
  4. axon regrowth
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4
Q

what are the causes of axonal injury in the CNS?

A
  1. trauma
  2. decreased blood flow (ischemia)
  3. neurodegenerative disease
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5
Q

T/F: CNS axons can regrow after injury

A

FALSE
typically cannot, instead the brain creates new pathways to compensate for axons lost

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6
Q

what doesn’t the CNS regenerate axons?

A
  1. CNS damage triggers necrosis and apoptotic cell death of severed axons
  2. Clean up is slow
  3. CNS environment is hostile to regenerative attempts
    1. astrocytes - glial scarring
    2. microglial activation
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7
Q

what is glial scarring?

A

astrocytes enter injuried area and form a scar to block the apoptosis and further damage → problem with this is that it is a physical blockade/scar which blocs future attempts for regrowth of that axon

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8
Q

what is the significance of microglial activation following CNS axonal damage?

A

microglial cells clear out debris from damage, but cannot differeniate between good and bad cells which ends up cleaning out more than they should

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9
Q

T/F: there is a low level of glial cells that can proliferate throughout our lifetime

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what are two areas in the brain that are an exception to the regeneration rule?

A
  1. olfactory bulb
  2. hippocampus
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11
Q

define neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to reorganize its structure, function and connections in response to injury or the environment, in support of learning, or in relation to therapy

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12
Q

What are the neuroplasticity mechanisms based off of effect size?

A
  1. chemical
    • short term memory
  2. structural
    • strong sustained exposure to activities resulting in structural changes
  3. functional
    • when sufficientyly stimulated, neurons can adopt new function and pass new info along (cortical remapping)
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13
Q

what is synaptic pruning?

A

the ability to pick up on what is important and what is not important

prioritize the pathways that stay “open” and running

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14
Q

what are the 2 neuroplasticity mechanisms, based off of how the brain responses to a stimulus?

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Learning and memory
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15
Q

what is habituation?

A

a decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus

allows us to tune out non-important stimuli and focus on important stimuli

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16
Q

what short term habituation

A
  1. short term
    • stimulus given around 30 minutes → tends to be transient
    • presynaptic in nature → presynaptic neuron will dump less NT into the synaptic cleft which will blunt the reponse
17
Q

what is long-term habituation?

A
  1. long term
    • over an hour
    • postsynaptic changes observed → changes in receptors and proteins being synthesized, tend to be more long lasting changes
18
Q

what are the different types of learning and memory development?

A
  1. Experience-dependent plasticity
  2. long-term potentiation and depression
19
Q

what is Long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

process by which the synaptic connections between neurons become stronger by frequent activation

requires high intensity stimulation

20
Q

which does LTP require a high intensity stimulation?

A
  1. it will alloow more glutamate to be dumped into synaptic cleft
  2. more Na enters the cell
  3. results in a larger depolarization event
  4. this repels Mg out of the NMDA channel (electrostatic repulsion)
  5. Ca can now move into the cell and act as a secondary messenger
  6. this results in an increase in structural changes to the postsynaptic cell
    • increased in AMPA receptors (Na channel)
    • growth factors = creation of more synapses = cortical remapping
21
Q

what is long-term depression (LTD)?

A

conversino of active synapses into silent ones

“reset button”

low-intensity, prolonged stimulation required

22
Q

what are the 10 principles of Neuroplasticity?

A
  1. Use it or Lose it
  2. Use it and Improve it
  3. Specificity matters
  4. repetition matters
  5. intensity matters
  6. time matters
  7. salience matters
  8. age matters
  9. transference or generalization
  10. interference
23
Q

what is CINT?

A

constraint induced movement therapy → restraining the strong arm following a stroke for 23 out of 24 hours of the day, forces pt to use their paralytic arm

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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