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Neuroscience > Autonomic > Flashcards

Autonomic Flashcards

1
Q

the autonomic nervous system is made up of many _________

A

neural loops

it is all reflexive

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2
Q

list the neurons that make up a neural loop within the autonomic nervous system.

A
  1. interoreceptors
  2. viscerosensory neurons
  3. association neurons
  4. autonomic motor neurons
  5. effectors
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3
Q

what are interoreceptors?

A

receptors in the ANS that monitor body internal conditions

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4
Q

what are viscerosensory neurons?

A

ANS neurons that send/carry unconscious input to the CNS

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5
Q

what is the role of association neurons in the ANS?

A

control center

function to formulate a response to viscerosensory input

located in a variey of integrating centers within the CNS

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6
Q

list locations where association neurons in the ANS can be found

A
  1. upper level emotional center (limbic)
  2. hypothalamus
    • paraventricular nucleus
    • dorsomedial, posterior and mammillary nuclei
  3. brain stem/reticular
    • CN 3, 7, 9, 10
    • ventrolateral medulla
  4. spinal cord dorsal/lateral horns
    • T1-L2 and S1-S3
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7
Q

autonomic motor neurons can be subdivded into what 2 categories?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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8
Q

list some categories for effector tissues in the ANS

A
  1. smooth muscle (gut wall, blood vessels, etc.)
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. glands (secretory cells)
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9
Q

how are sensory neurons different between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. somatic → conscious, percieved sensation (special senses and somatic sense)
  2. autonomic → primarily monitor conditions in the interior of the body
    • sensory receptors are chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
    • NOT consciously percieved
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10
Q

how are motor neurons different between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. somatic → always excite skeletal muscle to cause contraction
    • the effector they are stimulating has no intrinisc activity
  2. autonomic → control effector function by either increasing or decreasing the intrinisc activity
    • the effector they are stimulating has intrinsic activity (like HR)
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11
Q

how are motor (efferent) pathways different between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. somatic → motor neuron pathway consists of 1 neuron going from ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter directly to effector muscle
  2. autonomic → consists of 2 neurons
    • preganglionic
    • postganglionic
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12
Q

what is a preganglionic neuron in a motor neuron pathway in the ANS?

A

neuron is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter

or

in the cranical nerve nuclei of the brain stem.

they send myelinated axons to the 2nd (postganglionic) neuron

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13
Q

what is a postganglionic neuron in the ANS?

A

located in a nerve cell ganglion which sends an unmyelinated axon to the effector (smooth/cardiac muscle or gland)

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14
Q

T/F: most targets of ANS motor neurons have nerve endings from both the sympathetic and parasympatheic parts of the ANS?

A

TRUE

called dual innervation

one will increase activity while the other decreses it

the NT released by either determines if it will be increasing/decreasing activity

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15
Q

differentiate between the location of sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons

A
  1. sympathetic → cell bodies located in lateral horn T1-L2
  2. parasympathetic → cell bodies located in CN nuclei of brain stem (3,7,9,10) and lateral horn of S2-S4
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16
Q

differentiate between the location of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A
  1. sympathetic
    • sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia
    • prevertebral ganglia
    • adrenal gland cells of adrenal medulla
  2. parasympathetic
    • ciliary ganglia
    • pterygopalatine ganglia
    • otic ganglia
    • submandibular ganglia
17
Q

what/where are the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia?

A

two chains of ganglia that run the length of the vertebral column

located along the sides of the vertebral column

18
Q

what/where are the prevertebral ganglia?

A

lie anterior to the vertebral column and close to large abdominal arteries

include:

  1. celiac
  2. aorticorenal
  3. superior mesenteric
  4. inferior mesenteric ganglion
19
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

close to/within the organ of innervation

result is a long preganglionc fiber and a short postganglionic fiber

20
Q

what connects pre to postganglionic neurons?

A
  1. white rami
  2. gray rami
  3. splanchnic nerves
  4. vagus nerves
  5. carotid periarterial plexus
21
Q

what do white rami connect?

A

these carry preganglionic sympathetic axons to paravertebral ganglia

22
Q

what do gray rami connect?

A

these carry postganglionic sympathetic axons back to spinal nerve for distribution with peripheral nerves

23
Q

what do splanchnic nerves connect?

A

carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from paravertebral chain to prevertebral ganglia

24
Q

describe how an autonomic motor pathway generally functions within the sympathetic system

A

mass activate targets due to divergence of neurons resulting in stimulation of many effector targerts, and release of the hormone epinephrine

25
Q

describe how an autonomic motor pathway in the parasympathetic system generally functions

A

do not mass activate target organs

instead at the target organ the fiber synapses with a few postganglionic neurons which act on only one target organ at that location

26
Q

what are the broad categories of neuron type according to NT/receptor?

A
  1. Cholinergic → release ACh
  2. Adrenergic → release NE
27
Q

T/F: all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are cholingeric?

A

TRUE

28
Q

what type of postganglionic fibers are cholinergic?

A

all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

sympathetic postganglionic neurons to sweat glands

29
Q

cholinergic neurons will interact with what type of receptors?

A

cholingeric receptos:

  1. nicotinic → always lead to depolarization/stimulation of target
  2. muscarinic → found in all effectors innervated by PNS postganglionic neurons, can lead to either depolarization/hyperpolarization of the target
30
Q

adrenergic neurons will interact with what types of receptors?

A

adrenergic (alpha and beta)

  • 1’s → depolarize and excite
  • 2’s → hyperpolarize and inhibt
31
Q

what terminates the effects of NTs?

A
  1. enzymatic inactivation
    • acetylcholinesterase
    • COMT
    • MAO
  2. removed from synapse by endocytosis
  3. NT diffuses out of synapse
32
Q

what regulates the activity of both PNS and SNS nerves to achieve a balance of inhibition and stimulation?

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

list the structures that are not dual innervated and recieve only sympathetic innervation

A
  1. sweat glands (ACh sympathetic)
  2. erector pili muscles
  3. most blood vessels
  4. adrenal medulla
34
Q

why are sympathetic responses longer lasting than PNS responses?

A
  1. divergence of postganglionic fibers to activate effector targets in several tissues at once
  2. slower inactivation of NE in synapse
  3. presence of NE and Epi from adrenal medulla in blood
35
Q

list body functions that are increased by parasympathetic nerves

A

SLUDD

  1. salivation
  2. lacrimation
  3. urination
  4. digestion
  5. defecation
36
Q

list the body functions decreased by the parasympathetic nerves

A
  1. HR
  2. airway diameter
  3. pupil diameter
37
Q

T/F: the cortex controls autonomic reflexes just like it does motor reflexes?

A

FALSE
the hypothalamus controls autonomic reflexes

there is a lack of awareness or consciousness with autonomic functions

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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