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Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia + Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia + Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
    1. internus = medial GP
    2. externus = lateral GP
  4. subthalamic nucleus
  5. substantia nigra
    1. compacta (dopamine)
    2. reticularis
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2
Q

there are 3 structures within the basal ganglia that are made by combining 2 other structures. List those 3 structures

A
  1. striatum (neostriatum)
  2. ventral striatrum
  3. lentiform
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3
Q

what is the striatum (neostriatum)?

A

caudate + putamen

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4
Q

what is the ventral striatrum?

A

an area of striatum where caudate joints putamen it contains nucleus accumbens (primarily a limbic structure)

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5
Q

what is the lentiform?

A

putamen + globus pallidus

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6
Q

what is the overall function of the basal ganglia?

A

psychomotor (both behavior and motor)

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7
Q

what types of behavior does the basal ganglia help regulate?

A

goal directed behavior

social behavior

emotions

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8
Q

what type of motor tasks does the basal ganglia help regulate?

A
  1. decision making (initiation)
  2. judgement (how much force is needed)
  3. prioritizing (multi-joint movements and sequencing)
  4. emotional response
  5. learning
  6. eye movements
  7. spatial attention
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9
Q

The basal ganglia acts by ________ to the motor cortex (ie. it is __________)

A

reducing excitatory input

(ie. it is inhibitory)

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10
Q

Most afferent input to the basal ganglia is _________

A

excitatory

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11
Q

what supplies input to the basal ganglia?

A
  1. cerebral cortex
    • (glutamate = excitatory)
  2. pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
    • (glutamate and AcH = excitatory)
  3. raphe nucleus
    • (serotonin = inhibitory)
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12
Q

efferent output from the basal ganglia utilizes what NT?

A

GABA

inhibitory

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13
Q

efferent output from the basal ganglia is headed to what structures?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
  3. Tectum
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14
Q

what areas of the thalamus does the basal ganglia interact with?

A
  1. VA and VL = motor
  2. MD = limbic to decrease activity precentral gyrus
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15
Q

what is the role of efferent output from the basal ganglia to the peduncopontine nucleus (PPN)?

A

to increase activity of axial, postural muscles

(this nucleus controls the reticulospinal tracts)

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16
Q

what is the role of effernet output from the basal ganglia to the tectum?

A

decrease activity of stepping pattern generators (walking)

affect reflex eye movements

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17
Q

the basal ganglia can be broken down into how many pathways? List them.

A

5

  1. goal-directed behavior loop
  2. social behavior loop
  3. emotion loop
  4. oculomotor loop
  5. motor loop
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18
Q

what are the 3 non-motor loops in the basal ganglia?

A
  1. goal-directed behavior loop
  2. social behavior loop
  3. emotion loop
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19
Q

describe the goal-directed behavior loop and what it’s function is

A

loop: prefrontal cortex → cuadate →GPi → decrease VA thalamus
function: decision making, goal-directed behavior, planning, choosing action, learning

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20
Q

describe the social behavior loop and it’s function

A

loop: prefrontal cortex → head/caudate nucleus + SN reticularis → MD Thalamus

Function: recognize social cues, regulate self-control, evaluates what info is relevant and irrelevant

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21
Q

describe the emotion loop and it’s function

A

loop: prefrontal cortex → striatum → MD thalamus

Function: link emotions to cognitive and motor systems, reward seeking, outcome prediction

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22
Q

describe the oculomotor loop and it’s function

A

Loop: frontal and supplemental eye fields → caudate nucleus → SN reticularis → decrease activity VA thalamus allow for reflexive prosaccades

Function: spatial attention, initiate fast eye movements toward an object (prosaccades)

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23
Q

the motor loops of the basal ganglia can be further subdivided into 3 more pathways. What are they?

A
  1. hyper direct no go
  2. go pathway
  3. no go pathway
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24
Q

describe the hyper direct no go pathway

A

cortex → subthalamic nuclei → GPi:

results in:

  • inhibit motor thalamus
  • inhibit PPN → increase activity of reticulospinal tract/postural and girdle muscles by inhibiting an inhibitor (disinhibition)
  • inhibit midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator
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25
what is the **go pathway**?
direct pathway that decreases activity of GPi results in disinhibition of: 1. motor thalamus and cortex = increase precentral gyrus activity 2. PPN = inhibition of reticulospinal/postural and girdle muscle activity 3. midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator
26
what is the **no go pathway**?
indirect pathway, works by inhibiting GPe which normally inhibits GPi = disinhibition to increase activity of GPi
27
what is the result of the no go pathway?
inhibition of: motor thalamus/cortex PPN reticulospinal/postural and girdle muscle activity midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator
28
what is the role of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia
modulates the neostriatum to modulate GPi
29
what is the input and output of the substantia nigra reticularis?
1. Input = GABA inhibitory from neostriatum 2. Output = GABA inhibitory to: * substantia nigra compacta * midbrain tectum * motor thalamus
30
what is the input and output of the substantia nigra compacta?
1. Input = GABA inhibitory from substantia nigra reticularis 2. Output = dopamine stimulation and inhibition of neostriatum 3. effect = modulate neostriatum to modulate GP
31
what occurs if the substantia nigra is inhibited?
disinhibition of: 1. Thalamus → increased motor cortex activity 2. Tectum → increased eye movement, step generator 3. substantia nigra compacta
32
how is the substantia nigra reticularis inhibited? Describe the pathway
Cortex → stimulates putamen → inhibits SN reticularis
33
what occurs if the substantia nigra compacta is disinhibited?
34
what causes Parkinson's Disease?
1. loss of DA from substantia nigra pars compacta 2. go pathway is no longer stimulated → decreased thalamic motor activity 3. no go pathway is no longer inhibited → decreased thalamic motor activity
35
what causes Huntington's Disease?
1. due to loss of GABA from neostriatum 2. no go pathway no longer inhibits thalamus → increased thalamic motor activity
36
What is the difference between a hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disease?
hypokinetic = decreased bodily movements (PD) hyperkinetic = increased bodily movements (Huntington's)
37
what is the function of the cerebellum?
modulation of: 1. somatomotor signaling 2. balance 3. tone
38
What structures make up the general gross anatomy of the cerebellum?
1. 2 hemispheres joined by vermis 2. anterior lobe (paleocerebellum) 3. posterior lobe (neocerebellum) 4. flocculonodular lobe 5. lateral anterior and posterior lobe 6. vermal/paravermal (medial anterior and posterior lobe) 7. nuclei 8. peduncles
39
describe the general makeup of the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
1. cortex = gray matter 2. white matter below cortex = afferent and efferent axons 3. nuclei = gray matter located in white matter below cortex
40
what is the anterior lobe (paleocerebellum) also called? why? What is it's function?
1. also called spinocerebellum 2. becuase it receives spinal cord afferents 3. functions = controlling axial muscle tone; and a degree of flexion and extension
41
what is the posterior (neocerebellar) lobe also called and why? what is it's function?
1. cerebrocerebellum = it is linked to cerebrum and has input and output to the cerebral cortex 2. function = planning, organization, and coordination of motor activity
42
What is the flocculonodular lobe also called? What is it's function?
1. vestibulocerebellum (called this because it receives input from vestibular system) 2. function = control of eyes and head position
43
what is the role of the lateral anterior and posterior lobes?
efferent fine motor to limbs
44
what is the role of the vermal/paravermal (also called medial anterior and posterior) lobes?
efferent axial muscles for head turning, posture, and tone
45
list the nuclei found in the cerebellum
1. fastigial nucleus 2. dentate nucleus 3. globose nucleus 4. emboliform nucleus
46
what is the role of the fastigial nucleus?
relay efferent signals to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
47
what is the role of the dentate nucleus?
relay efferent signals to cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle
48
what is the role of the globose nucleus?
efferent to red nucleus
49
what is the role of the emboliform nucleus?
efferent to red nucleus
50
what does the inferior peduncle carry?
afferent from spinal cord/medulla (cuneocerebellar, rostrocerebellar, postrerior spinocerebellar)
51
what does the middle peduncle carry?
afferent from cerebal cortex to cerebellum via pontine nuclei
52
what does the superior peduncle carry?
1. efferent from cerebellar nuclei to brainstem and cortex * (dentate nucleus → cortex * interposed nuclei → brain stem) 2. afferent from anterior spinocerebellar
53
What structures supply afferent input to the cerebellum?
1. spinal cord = body 2. inferior olivary nucleus 3. vestibular apparatus 4. reticular formation 5. cerebral cortex 6. tectum 7. mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
54
how does the spinal cord supply afferent input to the cerebellum?
body to vermis and perivermal cortex of anterior and adjacent lobes via: 1. dorsal spinocerebellar → proprioceptors of legs 2. ventral spinocerebellar → monitor ventral horn activity of leg spinal cord segments 3. cuneocerebellar → proprioceptors of arms 4. rostrocerebellar → monitor ventral horn acitivity of arm spinal cord segments
55
the inferior olivary nucleus is a relay and receives input from where?
1. spinal cord → proprioceptors 2. sensory motor cerebral cortex → red nucleus → inferior olivary nucleus sends output to anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellar hemispheres
56
the reticular formation provides afferent input to what part of the cerebellum?
vermis and paravermis of anterior and posterior lobes
57
how does the cerebral cortex provide afferent input to the cerebellum?
3 ways: 1. via red nucleus → inferior olivary nucleus which sends input to A/P lobes of cerebellar hemispheres 2. via deep pontine nucleus → sends input to A/P lobes of cerebellar hemispheres 3. via reticular formation → to vermis and paravermis of A/P lobes
58
how does the tectum supply afferent input to the cerebellum?
S/I colliculi to A/P lobes of cerebellar hemispheres
59
what does the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus supply afferent input to?
vermal and paravermal regions of cerebellum
60
afferent inputs to the cerebellum have 2 types of fibers, what are they?
1. mossy fibers 2. climbing fibers
61
what are mossy fibers?
glutamate excitatory fibers from all areas of afferent input except inferior olivary nucleus
62
what do mossy fibers synapse with?
1. deep cerebellar nuclei 2. excitatory granule cells of cortex 3. inhibitory golgi cells of cortex
63
what are climbing fibers?
glutamate excitatory fibers from inferior olivary nucleus
64
what do climbing fibers synpase on?
1. deep cerebellar nuclei 2. Purkinje cells of cortex making the refractile to granule cell stimulation
65
What cells make up the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?
1. granule and golgi cells = innermost layer 2. Purkinje cell = middle layer 3. basket cell = molecular layer = surface layer
66

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