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Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia + Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia + Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. caudate
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
    1. internus = medial GP
    2. externus = lateral GP
  4. subthalamic nucleus
  5. substantia nigra
    1. compacta (dopamine)
    2. reticularis
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2
Q

there are 3 structures within the basal ganglia that are made by combining 2 other structures. List those 3 structures

A
  1. striatum (neostriatum)
  2. ventral striatrum
  3. lentiform
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3
Q

what is the striatum (neostriatum)?

A

caudate + putamen

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4
Q

what is the ventral striatrum?

A

an area of striatum where caudate joints putamen it contains nucleus accumbens (primarily a limbic structure)

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5
Q

what is the lentiform?

A

putamen + globus pallidus

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6
Q

what is the overall function of the basal ganglia?

A

psychomotor (both behavior and motor)

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7
Q

what types of behavior does the basal ganglia help regulate?

A

goal directed behavior

social behavior

emotions

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8
Q

what type of motor tasks does the basal ganglia help regulate?

A
  1. decision making (initiation)
  2. judgement (how much force is needed)
  3. prioritizing (multi-joint movements and sequencing)
  4. emotional response
  5. learning
  6. eye movements
  7. spatial attention
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9
Q

The basal ganglia acts by ________ to the motor cortex (ie. it is __________)

A

reducing excitatory input

(ie. it is inhibitory)

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10
Q

Most afferent input to the basal ganglia is _________

A

excitatory

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11
Q

what supplies input to the basal ganglia?

A
  1. cerebral cortex
    • (glutamate = excitatory)
  2. pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
    • (glutamate and AcH = excitatory)
  3. raphe nucleus
    • (serotonin = inhibitory)
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12
Q

efferent output from the basal ganglia utilizes what NT?

A

GABA

inhibitory

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13
Q

efferent output from the basal ganglia is headed to what structures?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
  3. Tectum
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14
Q

what areas of the thalamus does the basal ganglia interact with?

A
  1. VA and VL = motor
  2. MD = limbic to decrease activity precentral gyrus
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15
Q

what is the role of efferent output from the basal ganglia to the peduncopontine nucleus (PPN)?

A

to increase activity of axial, postural muscles

(this nucleus controls the reticulospinal tracts)

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16
Q

what is the role of effernet output from the basal ganglia to the tectum?

A

decrease activity of stepping pattern generators (walking)

affect reflex eye movements

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17
Q

the basal ganglia can be broken down into how many pathways? List them.

A

5

  1. goal-directed behavior loop
  2. social behavior loop
  3. emotion loop
  4. oculomotor loop
  5. motor loop
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18
Q

what are the 3 non-motor loops in the basal ganglia?

A
  1. goal-directed behavior loop
  2. social behavior loop
  3. emotion loop
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19
Q

describe the goal-directed behavior loop and what it’s function is

A

loop: prefrontal cortex → cuadate →GPi → decrease VA thalamus
function: decision making, goal-directed behavior, planning, choosing action, learning

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20
Q

describe the social behavior loop and it’s function

A

loop: prefrontal cortex → head/caudate nucleus + SN reticularis → MD Thalamus

Function: recognize social cues, regulate self-control, evaluates what info is relevant and irrelevant

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21
Q

describe the emotion loop and it’s function

A

loop: prefrontal cortex → striatum → MD thalamus

Function: link emotions to cognitive and motor systems, reward seeking, outcome prediction

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22
Q

describe the oculomotor loop and it’s function

A

Loop: frontal and supplemental eye fields → caudate nucleus → SN reticularis → decrease activity VA thalamus allow for reflexive prosaccades

Function: spatial attention, initiate fast eye movements toward an object (prosaccades)

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23
Q

the motor loops of the basal ganglia can be further subdivided into 3 more pathways. What are they?

A
  1. hyper direct no go
  2. go pathway
  3. no go pathway
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24
Q

describe the hyper direct no go pathway

A

cortex → subthalamic nuclei → GPi:

results in:

  • inhibit motor thalamus
  • inhibit PPN → increase activity of reticulospinal tract/postural and girdle muscles by inhibiting an inhibitor (disinhibition)
  • inhibit midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator
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25
Q

what is the go pathway?

A

direct pathway that decreases activity of GPi

results in disinhibition of:

  1. motor thalamus and cortex = increase precentral gyrus activity
  2. PPN = inhibition of reticulospinal/postural and girdle muscle activity
  3. midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator
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26
Q

what is the no go pathway?

A

indirect pathway, works by inhibiting GPe which normally inhibits GPi = disinhibition to increase activity of GPi

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27
Q

what is the result of the no go pathway?

A

inhibition of:

motor thalamus/cortex

PPN reticulospinal/postural and girdle muscle activity

midbrain locomotor/step pattern generator

28
Q

what is the role of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia

A

modulates the neostriatum to modulate GPi

29
Q

what is the input and output of the substantia nigra reticularis?

A
  1. Input = GABA inhibitory from neostriatum
  2. Output = GABA inhibitory to:
    • substantia nigra compacta
    • midbrain tectum
    • motor thalamus
30
Q

what is the input and output of the substantia nigra compacta?

A
  1. Input = GABA inhibitory from substantia nigra reticularis
  2. Output = dopamine stimulation and inhibition of neostriatum
  3. effect = modulate neostriatum to modulate GP
31
Q

what occurs if the substantia nigra is inhibited?

A

disinhibition of:

  1. Thalamus → increased motor cortex activity
  2. Tectum → increased eye movement, step generator
  3. substantia nigra compacta
32
Q

how is the substantia nigra reticularis inhibited? Describe the pathway

A

Cortex → stimulates putamen → inhibits SN reticularis

33
Q

what occurs if the substantia nigra compacta is disinhibited?

A
34
Q

what causes Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  1. loss of DA from substantia nigra pars compacta
  2. go pathway is no longer stimulated → decreased thalamic motor activity
  3. no go pathway is no longer inhibited → decreased thalamic motor activity
35
Q

what causes Huntington’s Disease?

A
  1. due to loss of GABA from neostriatum
  2. no go pathway no longer inhibits thalamus → increased thalamic motor activity
36
Q

What is the difference between a hypokinetic and hyperkinetic disease?

A

hypokinetic = decreased bodily movements (PD)

hyperkinetic = increased bodily movements (Huntington’s)

37
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

modulation of:

  1. somatomotor signaling
  2. balance
  3. tone
38
Q

What structures make up the general gross anatomy of the cerebellum?

A
  1. 2 hemispheres joined by vermis
  2. anterior lobe (paleocerebellum)
  3. posterior lobe (neocerebellum)
  4. flocculonodular lobe
  5. lateral anterior and posterior lobe
  6. vermal/paravermal (medial anterior and posterior lobe)
  7. nuclei
  8. peduncles
39
Q

describe the general makeup of the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A
  1. cortex = gray matter
  2. white matter below cortex = afferent and efferent axons
  3. nuclei = gray matter located in white matter below cortex
40
Q

what is the anterior lobe (paleocerebellum) also called? why? What is it’s function?

A
  1. also called spinocerebellum
  2. becuase it receives spinal cord afferents
  3. functions = controlling axial muscle tone; and a degree of flexion and extension
41
Q

what is the posterior (neocerebellar) lobe also called and why? what is it’s function?

A
  1. cerebrocerebellum = it is linked to cerebrum and has input and output to the cerebral cortex
  2. function = planning, organization, and coordination of motor activity
42
Q

What is the flocculonodular lobe also called? What is it’s function?

A
  1. vestibulocerebellum (called this because it receives input from vestibular system)
  2. function = control of eyes and head position
43
Q

what is the role of the lateral anterior and posterior lobes?

A

efferent fine motor to limbs

44
Q

what is the role of the vermal/paravermal (also called medial anterior and posterior) lobes?

A

efferent axial muscles for head turning, posture, and tone

45
Q

list the nuclei found in the cerebellum

A
  1. fastigial nucleus
  2. dentate nucleus
  3. globose nucleus
  4. emboliform nucleus
46
Q

what is the role of the fastigial nucleus?

A

relay efferent signals to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

47
Q

what is the role of the dentate nucleus?

A

relay efferent signals to cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

48
Q

what is the role of the globose nucleus?

A

efferent to red nucleus

49
Q

what is the role of the emboliform nucleus?

A

efferent to red nucleus

50
Q

what does the inferior peduncle carry?

A

afferent from spinal cord/medulla

(cuneocerebellar, rostrocerebellar, postrerior spinocerebellar)

51
Q

what does the middle peduncle carry?

A

afferent from cerebal cortex to cerebellum via pontine nuclei

52
Q

what does the superior peduncle carry?

A
  1. efferent from cerebellar nuclei to brainstem and cortex
    • (dentate nucleus → cortex
    • interposed nuclei → brain stem)
  2. afferent from anterior spinocerebellar
53
Q

What structures supply afferent input to the cerebellum?

A
  1. spinal cord = body
  2. inferior olivary nucleus
  3. vestibular apparatus
  4. reticular formation
  5. cerebral cortex
  6. tectum
  7. mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
54
Q

how does the spinal cord supply afferent input to the cerebellum?

A

body to vermis and perivermal cortex of anterior and adjacent lobes

via:

  1. dorsal spinocerebellar → proprioceptors of legs
  2. ventral spinocerebellar → monitor ventral horn activity of leg spinal cord segments
  3. cuneocerebellar → proprioceptors of arms
  4. rostrocerebellar → monitor ventral horn acitivity of arm spinal cord segments
55
Q

the inferior olivary nucleus is a relay and receives input from where?

A
  1. spinal cord → proprioceptors
  2. sensory motor cerebral cortex → red nucleus → inferior olivary nucleus

sends output to anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellar hemispheres

56
Q

the reticular formation provides afferent input to what part of the cerebellum?

A

vermis and paravermis of anterior and posterior lobes

57
Q

how does the cerebral cortex provide afferent input to the cerebellum?

A

3 ways:

  1. via red nucleus → inferior olivary nucleus which sends input to A/P lobes of cerebellar hemispheres
  2. via deep pontine nucleus → sends input to A/P lobes of cerebellar hemispheres
  3. via reticular formation → to vermis and paravermis of A/P lobes
58
Q

how does the tectum supply afferent input to the cerebellum?

A

S/I colliculi to A/P lobes of cerebellar hemispheres

59
Q

what does the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus supply afferent input to?

A

vermal and paravermal regions of cerebellum

60
Q

afferent inputs to the cerebellum have 2 types of fibers, what are they?

A
  1. mossy fibers
  2. climbing fibers
61
Q

what are mossy fibers?

A

glutamate excitatory fibers from all areas of afferent input except inferior olivary nucleus

62
Q

what do mossy fibers synapse with?

A
  1. deep cerebellar nuclei
  2. excitatory granule cells of cortex
  3. inhibitory golgi cells of cortex
63
Q

what are climbing fibers?

A

glutamate excitatory fibers from inferior olivary nucleus

64
Q

what do climbing fibers synpase on?

A
  1. deep cerebellar nuclei
  2. Purkinje cells of cortex making the refractile to granule cell stimulation
65
Q

What cells make up the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. granule and golgi cells = innermost layer
  2. Purkinje cell = middle layer
  3. basket cell = molecular layer = surface layer
66
Q
A

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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