Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is parenchyma?

A

functional neural tissue

Neurons and Glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the directional terms for the brain?

A
  1. rostral = anterior
  2. caudal = posterior
  3. ventral = inferior
  4. dorsal = superior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the different structures on a neuron?

A
  1. dendrites
  2. soma (cell body)
  3. axon hillock
  4. axon
  5. axon terminal
  6. synapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does a neuron receive afferent input?

A

at the dendrite and soma

mechanical/chemical stimuli open channels on the dendrite and soma to generate a graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what types of stimuli can effect a neuron?

A
  1. mechanical (sensor/receptors like stretch receptors = baroreceptors )
  2. chemical (neurotransmitters)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: a graded potential is always excitatory?

A

FALSE

can be excitatory, inhibitory, depolarizing, hyperpolarizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define spatial summation

A

summing of graded potentials from 2 separate inputs/terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define temporal summation

A

summing a graded potential from one single terminal/input

ex: very intense stimuli like hitting thumb with hammer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the axon hillock?

A

trigger zone for action potential

regin at base of axon connected to soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are axon terminals?

A

final destination for the AP traveling down an axon

generally many axon terminals assocaited with a single axon due to collateral and terminal branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: a single AP generated at the axon hillock reaches all axon terminals?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the types of axonal transport?

A
  1. fast anterograde
  2. slow anterograde = axioplasmic flow
  3. fast retrograde
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is fast anterograde axonal transport?

A

the movement of proteins associated with vesicles from the golgi apparatus in the soma to synaptic terminals

(peptide NT, enzymes, and membrane proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what occurs during slow anterograde axonal transport?

A

movement of solube cytoskeletal, proteins from soma to axon terminals

*stop and go microtubule transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what occurs during fast retrograde axonal transport?

A

movement of endocytosis vesicles from axon terminals to soma

Nonstop microtubule transport

(recycled membrane, chemical messengers, pathogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what axon structural factors impact signal conduction velocity?

A

fiber diameter (bigger = faster)

thickness of myelin (thicker = faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the different conduction velocity classifications of axons?

A

Type A, B, C from fastest to slowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the different fiber diameter classifications for axons?

A

Type I, II, III, IV from biggest to smallest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the different functional types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory - carry afferent signals from sensory/receptors to CNS (brain and spinal cord)
  2. Motor - carry efferent signals to effectos (muscles and glands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the subtypes of sensory neurons?

A
  1. special sensory
  2. viscerosensory
  3. somatosensory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the special senses?

A
  1. vision
  2. auditory
  3. equilibrium
  4. olfaction
  5. gustatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are viscerosensory neurons?

A

single neurons from interoreceptors to subcortical CNS

relfexes that maintain homeostasis (BP, temp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are somatosensory neurons?

A

single neuron from skin, muscle, and joint receptors to cortex

touch, pressure, pain, proprioception, tempature (highly localized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which sensory neuron is unconscious?

A

viscerosensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the subtypes of motor neurons?

A
  1. somatomotor
  2. autonomic motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which motor neuron subtype is a single neuron pathway and generally under conscious control?

A

somatomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F: Autonomic motor neurons are 2 neuron pathways

A

TRUE

involuntary and run from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the differnet types of autonomic motor neurons?

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. associative (interneuron)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the different types of structural neurons?

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. pseudo-unipolar
30
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

soma with a single axon and multiple dendrites

common in CNS

31
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

soma with a single axon and single dendrite stalk

common in special sensory organs

32
Q

what are pseudo-unipolar neurons?

A

single axon with a proximal (efferent) and distal (afferent) branch

found in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion (soma for this neuron)

33
Q

describe the components/make-up of a pseudo-unipoalr neuron

A
  1. proximal branch - CNS to soma
  2. soma/cell body - dorsal root ganglion
  3. distal branch - dendrite end to the soma
34
Q

describe the structures in a negative feedback neuron loop

A
  1. sensor/receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. control center (brain/spinal cord)
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector: muscle or gland
35
Q

what are the different classifications of neuron circuits?

A
  1. diverging
  2. converging
  3. reverberating
  4. parallel after discharge
36
Q

what is the function of glial cells?

A

support neurons

typically 10 glia for every neuron

37
Q

what does a diverging neural circuit do?

A

allows amplification or mass activation of many targets

38
Q

what does a converging neural circuit do?

A

increase stimulation or inhibition of postsynaptic neuron

39
Q

what is a reverberating neuron circuit do?

A

allows circular, self stimulation perpetuation of signal (essentially creating a tone)

40
Q

what are parallel after discharge neuron circuits?

A

they diverge then converge to increase the frequency of output

41
Q

what are the types of glia in the CNS?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglial
  4. ependymal cells
42
Q

what is the function of astrocytes?

A

provide support:

  1. physically (hold neuron in place)
  2. protective
  3. nutritional
  4. regulation of intracellular Ca2+
  5. NT regulation and uptake at synapse
  6. blood brain barrier
  7. tissue repair of CNS lesion
43
Q

what is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

form myelin sheaths in CNS (white matter)

44
Q

what do microglia do?

A

phagocytosis

45
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

line ventricles and central canal facilitating exchange between CSF and interstitial fluid of brain

they are ciliated to facilitate flow of CSF

46
Q

what is CSF?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

a blood plasma filtrate

47
Q

what produces CSF?

A

choroidal epithelial cells - cover capillary tufts of choroid plexus; forms a unit with endothelial cells of choroid plexus

48
Q

what are the different types of glial cells in the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. satellite cells
49
Q

what do Schwann cells do?

A

form myelin sheaths in PNS

50
Q

what are the structural layers of a nerve?

A
  1. fiber = singel cell
  2. endoneurium = CT covering of a fiber
  3. fascicle = bundle of fibers
  4. perineurium = CT covering of a fascicle
  5. whole nerve = bundle of fascicles
  6. epineurium = CT covering of whole nerve
51
Q

describe the different section of a spinal nerve and what type of neurons are found there

A
  1. horns
  2. roots
  3. rami
52
Q

what are rami communicants?

A

connect ventral rami to:

  1. paravertebral ganglia
  2. prevertebral ganglia
53
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

a region of skin whose somatosensory signals are carried by a particular spinal nerve

54
Q

what are myotomes?

A

all muscles innervated by a particualr spinal nerve

55
Q

what pneumotic device is used to remember the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Such Heaven

56
Q

what pneumotic device is used to remember the function of the cranial nerves?

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

S = sensory

M = motor

B = both

57
Q

what are meninges?

A

connective tissue coverings encircling the brain and spinal cord

organized in a -tissue, fluid, tissue, fluid, tissue- arrangement

58
Q

what are the3 CT layers in the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
59
Q

where is CSF found?

A

subarachnoid space

60
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

forms a protective cushion and buoys the brain and spinal cord

61
Q

how is CSF produced?

A

mostly by filtration of blood plasma through specialized capillaries called choroid plexuses which have an outer covering of ependymal cells that contribute to the blood brain barrier.

62
Q

where are choroid plexi located?

A

all 4 ventricles

63
Q

List the 4 ventricles

A
  1. R/L ventricles (lateral ventricles)
    1. R/L hemisphere in all 4 lobes
  2. 3rd ventricle
    1. between hemispheres at level of thalamus hypothalamuc (diencephalon)
  3. 4th ventricle
    1. brain stem at level of pons/cerebellum and upper medulla

*all are interconnected

64
Q

what is the foramen of Monroe?

A

also called interventricular foramen

connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricles

65
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius?

A

connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

66
Q

what connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A
  1. foramena of Lushka - 2 lateral apetures
  2. foramen of Magendie - single medial aperture
67
Q

describe the flow of CSF

A
68
Q

what does the blood brain barrier block?

A

exchange of hydrophilic substances

69
Q

what does the blood brain barrier consist of?

A
  1. continuous capillar endothelium with tight junctions
  2. thick basement membrane
  3. covering of astrocytes
70
Q

which organs do not have a blood brain barrier?

A

circumventricular organs:

hypothalamus

pituitary

pineal gland

71
Q

why do circumventricular organs not have a blood brain barrier?

A

in order to monitor chemical composition of blood

Neuroscience (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions