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Neuroscience > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is parenchyma?

A

functional neural tissue

Neurons and Glia

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2
Q

what are the directional terms for the brain?

A
  1. rostral = anterior
  2. caudal = posterior
  3. ventral = inferior
  4. dorsal = superior
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3
Q

what are the different structures on a neuron?

A
  1. dendrites
  2. soma (cell body)
  3. axon hillock
  4. axon
  5. axon terminal
  6. synapse
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4
Q

where does a neuron receive afferent input?

A

at the dendrite and soma

mechanical/chemical stimuli open channels on the dendrite and soma to generate a graded potential

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5
Q

what types of stimuli can effect a neuron?

A
  1. mechanical (sensor/receptors like stretch receptors = baroreceptors )
  2. chemical (neurotransmitters)
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6
Q

T/F: a graded potential is always excitatory?

A

FALSE

can be excitatory, inhibitory, depolarizing, hyperpolarizing

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7
Q

define spatial summation

A

summing of graded potentials from 2 separate inputs/terminals

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8
Q

define temporal summation

A

summing a graded potential from one single terminal/input

ex: very intense stimuli like hitting thumb with hammer

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9
Q

what is the axon hillock?

A

trigger zone for action potential

regin at base of axon connected to soma

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10
Q

what are axon terminals?

A

final destination for the AP traveling down an axon

generally many axon terminals assocaited with a single axon due to collateral and terminal branching

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11
Q

T/F: a single AP generated at the axon hillock reaches all axon terminals?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

what are the types of axonal transport?

A
  1. fast anterograde
  2. slow anterograde = axioplasmic flow
  3. fast retrograde
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13
Q

what is fast anterograde axonal transport?

A

the movement of proteins associated with vesicles from the golgi apparatus in the soma to synaptic terminals

(peptide NT, enzymes, and membrane proteins)

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14
Q

what occurs during slow anterograde axonal transport?

A

movement of solube cytoskeletal, proteins from soma to axon terminals

*stop and go microtubule transport

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15
Q

what occurs during fast retrograde axonal transport?

A

movement of endocytosis vesicles from axon terminals to soma

Nonstop microtubule transport

(recycled membrane, chemical messengers, pathogens)

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16
Q

what axon structural factors impact signal conduction velocity?

A

fiber diameter (bigger = faster)

thickness of myelin (thicker = faster)

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17
Q

what are the different conduction velocity classifications of axons?

A

Type A, B, C from fastest to slowest

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18
Q

what are the different fiber diameter classifications for axons?

A

Type I, II, III, IV from biggest to smallest

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19
Q

What are the different functional types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory - carry afferent signals from sensory/receptors to CNS (brain and spinal cord)
  2. Motor - carry efferent signals to effectos (muscles and glands)
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20
Q

what are the subtypes of sensory neurons?

A
  1. special sensory
  2. viscerosensory
  3. somatosensory
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21
Q

what are the special senses?

A
  1. vision
  2. auditory
  3. equilibrium
  4. olfaction
  5. gustatory
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22
Q

what are viscerosensory neurons?

A

single neurons from interoreceptors to subcortical CNS

relfexes that maintain homeostasis (BP, temp)

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23
Q

what are somatosensory neurons?

A

single neuron from skin, muscle, and joint receptors to cortex

touch, pressure, pain, proprioception, tempature (highly localized)

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24
Q

which sensory neuron is unconscious?

A

viscerosensory

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25
what are the subtypes of motor neurons?
1. somatomotor 2. autonomic motor
26
which motor neuron subtype is a single neuron pathway and generally under conscious control?
somatomotor
27
T/F: Autonomic motor neurons are 2 neuron pathways
TRUE involuntary and run from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands
28
what are the differnet types of autonomic motor neurons?
1. sympathetic 2. parasympathetic 3. associative (interneuron)
29
What are the different types of structural neurons?
1. multipolar 2. bipolar 3. pseudo-unipolar
30
what are multipolar neurons?
soma with a single axon and multiple dendrites common in CNS
31
what are bipolar neurons?
soma with a single axon and single dendrite stalk common in special sensory organs
32
what are pseudo-unipolar neurons?
single axon with a proximal (efferent) and distal (afferent) branch found in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion (soma for this neuron)
33
describe the components/make-up of a pseudo-unipoalr neuron
1. proximal branch - CNS to soma 2. soma/cell body - dorsal root ganglion 3. distal branch - dendrite end to the soma
34
describe the structures in a negative feedback neuron loop
1. sensor/receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. control center (brain/spinal cord) 4. motor neuron 5. effector: muscle or gland
35
what are the different classifications of neuron circuits?
1. diverging 2. converging 3. reverberating 4. parallel after discharge
36
what is the function of glial cells?
support neurons typically 10 glia for every neuron
37
what does a diverging neural circuit do?
allows amplification or mass activation of many targets
38
what does a converging neural circuit do?
increase stimulation or inhibition of postsynaptic neuron
39
what is a reverberating neuron circuit do?
allows circular, self stimulation perpetuation of signal (essentially creating a tone)
40
what are parallel after discharge neuron circuits?
they diverge then converge to increase the frequency of output
41
what are the types of glia in the CNS?
1. astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglial 4. ependymal cells
42
what is the function of astrocytes?
provide support: 1. physically (hold neuron in place) 2. protective 3. nutritional 4. regulation of intracellular Ca2+ 5. NT regulation and uptake at synapse 6. blood brain barrier 7. tissue repair of CNS lesion
43
what is the role of oligodendrocytes?
form myelin sheaths in CNS (white matter)
44
what do microglia do?
phagocytosis
45
what are ependymal cells?
line ventricles and central canal facilitating exchange between CSF and interstitial fluid of brain they are ciliated to facilitate flow of CSF
46
what is CSF?
cerebrospinal fluid a blood plasma filtrate
47
what produces CSF?
choroidal epithelial cells - cover capillary tufts of choroid plexus; forms a unit with endothelial cells of choroid plexus
48
what are the different types of glial cells in the PNS?
1. Schwann cells 2. satellite cells
49
what do Schwann cells do?
form myelin sheaths in PNS
50
what are the structural layers of a nerve?
1. fiber = singel cell 2. endoneurium = CT covering of a fiber 3. fascicle = bundle of fibers 4. perineurium = CT covering of a fascicle 5. whole nerve = bundle of fascicles 6. epineurium = CT covering of whole nerve
51
describe the different section of a spinal nerve and what type of neurons are found there
1. horns 2. roots 3. rami
52
what are rami communicants?
connect ventral rami to: 1. paravertebral ganglia 2. prevertebral ganglia
53
what are dermatomes?
a region of skin whose somatosensory signals are carried by a particular spinal nerve
54
what are myotomes?
all muscles innervated by a particualr spinal nerve
55
what pneumotic device is used to remember the cranial nerves?
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Such Heaven
56
what pneumotic device is used to remember the function of the cranial nerves?
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More S = sensory M = motor B = both
57
what are meninges?
connective tissue coverings encircling the brain and spinal cord organized in a -tissue, fluid, tissue, fluid, tissue- arrangement
58
what are the3 CT layers in the meninges?
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
59
where is CSF found?
subarachnoid space
60
What is the role of CSF?
forms a protective cushion and buoys the brain and spinal cord
61
how is CSF produced?
mostly by filtration of blood plasma through specialized capillaries called choroid plexuses which have an outer covering of ependymal cells that contribute to the blood brain barrier.
62
where are choroid plexi located?
all 4 ventricles
63
List the 4 ventricles
1. R/L ventricles (lateral ventricles) 1. R/L hemisphere in all 4 lobes 2. 3rd ventricle 1. between hemispheres at level of thalamus hypothalamuc (diencephalon) 3. 4th ventricle 1. brain stem at level of pons/cerebellum and upper medulla \*all are interconnected
64
what is the foramen of Monroe?
also called interventricular foramen connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricles
65
what is the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius?
connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle
66
what connects the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
1. foramena of Lushka - 2 lateral apetures 2. foramen of Magendie - single medial aperture
67
describe the flow of CSF
68
what does the blood brain barrier block?
exchange of hydrophilic substances
69
what does the blood brain barrier consist of?
1. continuous capillar endothelium with tight junctions 2. thick basement membrane 3. covering of astrocytes
70
which organs do not have a blood brain barrier?
circumventricular organs: hypothalamus pituitary pineal gland
71
why do circumventricular organs not have a blood brain barrier?
in order to monitor chemical composition of blood

Neuroscience (16 decks)

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