Neurophysiology of Emotion: Karius DSA Flashcards
The Limbic system is recognized to control or be involved in controlling what?
- emotional behavior
- Motivational Drives
what are the different areas of the limbic system?
- hypothalamus
- Olfactory areas (Para-Olfactory)
- Thalamus
- Basal Ganglia
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Cingulate cortex
what part of limbic system: Key player, emotional experience, physiological responses (connection to ANS)
Hypothalamus
what part of limbic system: Anterior nucleus part of papez circuit, other regions involved in both input and output of limbic system
Thalamus
what part of limbic system: contains Nucleus Accumbens, also putamen (disgust)
Basal Ganglia
what part of limbic system: another part of the papez Circuit, plays role in learning/memory, memory and emotion strongly linked
Hippocampus
what part of limbic system: associated with fear and anger. also role in learning and memory
Amygdala
what part of limbic system: made up of mostly paleocortex (3 cell layers), some parts have full 6 layers. many of these neurons show AFTER DISCHARGE
Cingulate cortex
Describe the role of the mirror neuron system
- fire both when you do something and when you see someone else do same action
- role in imitation and imitative learning
what are the 2 kinds of fear?
- Innate (unconditioned)
- Learned (conditioned)
Describe Innate fear?
- required so experience
- in animals, associated with olfactory cues
- Humans: falling and loud noises most frequently cited
Describe Learned fear?
- from experience
- can also be from watching someone else experience a frightening thing
what are the 2 pathways involved in the emotional conditioning in response to fear
- Direct thalamo-amygdaloid (early)
- Indirect thalamo-cortical-amygdaloid (late)
in the emotional conditioning of fear, inputs from both the thalamic and cortex arrive where in the amygdala
lateral nucleus
what integrates the inputs for fear (such as sound and an electric shock. example from slides)
lateral nucleus
After the lateral nucleus of the amygdala integrates the inputs, where does it send the information for additional processing
Basal and intercalated nuclei
the information of fear from the lateral, basal, and intercalated nuclei is sent where?
Central nucleus
what does the central nucleus of the amygdala do after receiving the fear inputs?
decides what responses are required and relays information appropriately
What is the hypothalamus role in reaction to fear
physiologic responses
what happens in an individual with damage to the amygdala
Fear is not perceived, therefor conditioning related to fear does not occur
what is the anatomical substrate for sadness
- lower sector of the anterior cingulate cortex
- Strongly activated when recalling sad events
what are the anatomical substrates for Punishment/Avoidance?
- Lateral posterior hypothalamus
- Dorsal midbrain
- Entorhinal cortex
What areas are involved in Disgust?
- Insular cortex/Putamen
- Processing and recognition of social cues related to disgust
- Damage (including Huntington’s disease) abolishes
area for Anger/rage
- Amygdala
- requires dopaminergic input acting at D2 receptors
inhibition of anger/rage requires what areas?
- neocortex
- Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei
- Septal nuclei
The anterior cingulate Cortex is functionally divided into what 2 regions
- Ventral - affective
- Dorsal - cognitive
Describe the role of the Ventral affective division of the anterior cingulate cortex in emotion
- Integration of visceral, attentional, and emotional imput
- Regulation of Affect - particularly top-down control (“controlling our emotions”)
- monitors or detects conflict b/t our “functional” state (right now) and new information that has potential or motivational consequences. It doesn’t decide what to do, but relays the information to the prefrontal cortex
what are the 2 divisions of the prefrontal cortex
Ventromedial
dorsolateral
the Ventromedial prefontal cortex receives input from what areas
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Temporal visual association area
- Dorsolater prefrontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex receives input from what areas
- motor areas, including basal ganglia, pre and supplementary motor cortex
- cingulate cortex, especially parts related to performance monitoring
- several cortical association areas
what are the 3 probable roles of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- Reward processing (orbitofrontal): with the amygdala, we link new stimulus to a primary reward
- Integration of bodily signals: the “gut feeling” - decision when logical analysis is unable to help
- Top Down regulation: especially towards delayed gratification
