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Behavioral science > Neurophysiology of Drug addiction > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Drug addiction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the core system in producing pleasure

A

VTA releases dopamine at nucleus Accumbens (Nac)

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2
Q

The VTA receives excitatory input from what 3 areas? what does each area release?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex: EAA
  • Lateral Hypothalamus: orexin
  • Laterodorsal Tegmental N.: Acetylcholine
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3
Q

The VTA provides a domaminergic input to the Nac via what?

A

median forebrain bundle

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4
Q

Describe what the Nucleus Accumbens is of the striatum?

A
  • third nucleus

- often referred to as the ventral striatum

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5
Q

In addition to dopaminergic VTA input, the Nac also receive excitatory inputs from where? what do they use?

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus

all use EAA

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6
Q

The output from Nac is to where? uses what?

A

Prefrontal cortex

-uses GABA

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7
Q

The Nac also sends a GABA-ergic input BACK to where? what is the co transmitter released here also

A
  • VTA

- Dynorphin

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8
Q

The opioid inputs to the VTA do what?

A

The inhibit a subset of GABA-ergic interneurons. This increases the release of dopamine in the Nac

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9
Q

What are the dopamine receptors in the Nac

A
  • D1: activate direct
  • D3: inhibit indirect (these predominate)
  • the dopamine inhibits the Nac so it releases less GABA in prefrontal cortex leading to pleasure
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10
Q

what are the inputs that activate the VTA leading to the pleasure pathway

A
  • Prefrontal cortex, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: EAA

- Lateral Hypothalamic Nucleus: orexin

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11
Q

What activates the Nac and prevents pleasure

A
  • Prefontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus

- release EAA

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12
Q

what is the word used to describe the nature of opioid inputs that reinforces the occurrence of certain behaviors important for our survival

A
  • Diffuse

- also activates locus ceruleus, Periquaductal Grey

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13
Q

what kind of feedback system is the pleasure/reward system

A

positive

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14
Q

Cannabis and Opiates activate G protein coupled receptors. Describe this further

A
  • Opiates: agonist at opioid receptors, Gi

- Cannabis: CB-1 receptor, leads to dopamine release

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15
Q

What drugs alter ion channels

A
  • Nicotine: agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors, influx of Na
  • Ethanol/PCP: antagonist at NMDA receptors (weak)
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16
Q

What drugs interfere with re-uptake mechanisms?

A
  • Cocaine: inhibits reuptake of dopamine, leads to increase in DA availability at synapse, Similar effects on other monamine systems (5HT, NA)
  • Amphetamines: reversal of dopamine reuptake transporters
17
Q

What does ethanol activate in the reward pathway

A

-opioid inputs (particularly the VTA)

18
Q

PCP and ethanol disrupt what inputs to the Nac

A

EAA

  • leads to less GABA to prefrontal cortex
  • No inhibition of pleasure
19
Q

What agents increase the activity of VTA dopaminergic neurons

A
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetamines
  • Cannabis
20
Q

How does nicotine affect the pleasure reward pathway

A

activates nicotinic AchR on VTA neurons and induces them to release Dopamine

21
Q

What memory response has been demonstrated in the VTA in response to cocaine and nicotine?

A

LTP: long term potentiation

22
Q

some behavioral signs of addiction are prevented if what receptor antagonist is taken before ingestion of cocaine?

A

NMDA receptor antagonists . . may cause hallucinations in humans

23
Q

what is a long term change in neurons as a result of addictive drugs

A

induction of CREB

-cAMP response element binding protein

24
Q

What does CREB do to produce effects of drugs?

A
  • within Nac: leads to increased production of dynorphin, an opioid substance that binds to kappa receptors
  • dynorphin is responsible for dysphoria seen with drug withdrawal
  • also responsible for desensitization that occurs with drug addiction because it turns the input from the VTA off and reduces the effect of the drugs
25
Q

What is associated with physical dependence of drugs

A

-Activation of CREB within the locus ceruleus and periaqueductal grey

26
Q

Describe the time frame for changes in CREB

A

temporary. . they return to normal within a week of drug abstinence

27
Q

What is a long term response to drug addiction

A

delta-FosB . . also a regulator of transcription

28
Q

Describe what delta-FosB does

A
  • Within the Nac, delta-FosB has been shown to lead to production of proteins (BDNF) that are responsible for the remodeling of the dendrites that occurs
  • increased # of dendrites and increased # of dendritic spines

Behavioral science (18 decks)

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