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Neurology > Neuropathology 3 > Flashcards

Neuropathology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are normal ICP values

A

5-13mmHg

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2
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system of the brain

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3
Q

what is the normal volume of CSF

A

120-150ml

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4
Q

where is csf produced

A

by the choroid plexus in the lateral and fourth ventricles

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5
Q

what reabsorbs CSF

A

arachnoid granulations

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6
Q

what is the typical daily csf turnover

A

500ml (3-5 times per day )

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7
Q

is blood usually present in CSF

A

NOOO

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8
Q

what are the normal findings in CSF

A

lymphocytes less than 4/mm3
protein less than 0.4g/l
glucose more than 2.2mmol/l

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9
Q

where is csf absorbed

A

superior sagittal sinus

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10
Q

what is the difference between non communicating and communicating hydrocephalus

A

non communicating - obstruction to flow of CSF is within ventricles

communticatin - obstruction is outside the ventricles eg arachnoid granulations

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11
Q

what happens if hydrocephalus develops before closure of cranial sutures

A

head enlarges

if after they have closed - raised ICP

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12
Q

what herniated in subfalcine herniation

A

cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri

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13
Q

what symptoms result in subfalcine herniation

A

compresses anterior cerebral artery - weakness/sensory loss in lower limbs

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14
Q

what is a tentoral hernia

A

hippocampal uncus and parahippocampal gyrun herniates over the tentorium cerebelli

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15
Q

what symptoms occur in tentoral hernia

A

third nerve palsy

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16
Q

what is a tonsilar herniation

A

dispplacemnt of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

17
Q

why is a tonsillar hernia particularly dangerous

A

braistem compression compromises respiratory centres in medulla oblongata

18
Q

what is a trancalcarium hernia

A

swollen brain will herniate though defect in dura or skull

19
Q

CARDINAL SIGNS OR RAISED ICP

A

papilledema
headache
vomiting
neck stiffness

20
Q

what is the most common type of primary brain tumour

A

atrocytoma

21
Q

what is the most common benign brain tumour in adults

A

menigioma

22
Q

what is the most common brain tumour in children that is benigm

A

craniopharyngioma

23
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary glioblastoma (ie a grade four astrocytoma)

A

primary means that gliobastoma has arisen from normal brain tissue

secondary means it has progressed from lower grade astrocytomas ie anaplastic or diffuse astocytomas

secondary has slightly better prognosis but both prognosis are poor with mean survival les than 12 months

24
Q

what age do people usually present with primary glioblastoma

A

mean is 62

25
Q

what age do people usually present with secondary glioblastoma

A

mean is 45 yrs

26
Q

how do brain tumours present

A

most with focal neurological deficit and headache

also vomiting
seizures and visual disturbance

27
Q

what usually causes a single absess

A 
otitis media
sinusitis
dental infections
skull fracture
neurosurgery

can arise without significant bacterial menigitis

28
Q

what usually causes multiple absesses

A

usually from septicaemia eg
endocarditis
lung absess
intravenous drug use

29
Q

what is cerebral oedema

A

increased water content of the brain

30
Q

what type of cerebral oedema is seen in hypertensive encephalopathy

A

hydrostatic

31
Q

what is the source of the bleed in extradural haemorrhages

A

meningeal arteries - usually middle menigeal

32
Q

why are extra durals ‘walk and die’ injuries

A

results in uncal and cerebella herniation - death

33
Q

what is the source of the blood in subdurals

A

bridging veins from surface of brain into subdural space

34
Q

what type of brain bleed can be confused with dementia

A

chronic subdural

35
Q

where do most berry aneurysms arise

A

in internal carotid

36
Q

what haemorrhage do berry aneurysm causes

A

subarachnoid

37
Q

are subarachnoid more common in women or men

A

women

Neurology (36 decks)

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