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Neurology > Week 2 Neuro > Flashcards

Week 2 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

where are the cell bodies of nociceptors located

A

dorsal root ganglion

trigeminal ganglia

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2
Q

what is allodynia

A

innocuous stimuli now elicits pain

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3
Q

what fibres are first pain mediators

A

A delta

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4
Q

What fibres mediate second pain response

A

c fibres

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5
Q

what is the primary transmitter in pain transmission between nociceptors and second order neurones

A

glutamate

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6
Q

what things suppress glutamate transmission

A

interneurons releasing GABA or glycine suppress transmission as do opiates and cannabinoids

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7
Q

What tracts in the spinal cord are the nociceptive tracts

A

spinothalamic

spinoreticular

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8
Q

what is the spinothalamic tracts role in pain transmission

A

A delta pain from lamina I terminated in posterior nucleus of the thalamus
Neurones from lamina v terminate in the posterior and ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Pain perception requires simultaneous firing in both pathways

Mediated first pain and temp

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9
Q

What is the spinoreticular tracts role in pain

A

largely transmits c fibre pain

connects with periaqueductal grey matter and parabrachial nucleus

involved in autonomic response to pain, arousal and fear of pain

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10
Q

what is the difference between pain and nociceptin

A

nociception may occur in absence of pain

pain is awarenedd of suffering

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11
Q

what fibres prevent pain when nociceptors are activated

A

A beta

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12
Q

what is gate control theory

A

the theory that not all nociceptive signals reach the brain as ‘pain’

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13
Q

where does the gate control theory occur

A

substantia gelatinosa

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14
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

neurones that are specialised to respond to small changes in skin temperature

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15
Q

define dendrite

A

receive inputs from other neurones and convey graded electrical signals passively to soma

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16
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

site of initiation of the all or none action potential

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17
Q

define axons

A

conducts output signals as action potentials to other neurones

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18
Q

define synapse

A

point of chemical communication betweene neurones

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19
Q

where are unipolar neurones

A

peripheral autonomic neurones

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20
Q

where are pseudounipolar

A

dorsal root ganglion

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21
Q

where are bipolar neurons

A

retinal bipolar neurone

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22
Q

where are multipolar neurones

A

lower motor neurone

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23
Q

what is membrane resting potential

A

-70

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24
Q

what is threshold potential for AP

A

-60

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25
what is overshoot
when the cell becomes positively polarised briefly during the AP
26
What is undershoot
when the cell becomes more negative after the AP
27
What ion channel mediates the upstroke and what mediated the down stroke
upstroke - sodium | down stroke potassium
28
what is the predominante intracellular cation
potassium
29
what is the predominant extracellular cation
sodium
30
name the demyelinating disorder of the PNS
guillian barre
31
what is the most common types of synapses
axodendritic | axosomatic
32
what is the exhitory transmitter in the CNS
glutamate - causes depolarisation
33
what is the inhibitory transmitter in the CNS
GABA or glycine - hyperpolarises the cells and prevents action potentiasl
34
cation
positive
35
anion
negative
36
What is spatial summation
many inputs converge upon a neurone to determine its output
37
What is temporal summation
a single input modulates the output by variation in action potential frequency of that input.
38
where are amino acids and amines released from
synaptic vesicle
39
where are peptide released from
secretory vesicles
40
what ion channels mediate fast neurotransmission
ionotropic ligance gated ion channels
41
what channels mediate slow neurotrnamission
g protein coupled receptors
42
what ion induces the release of neurotransmitters in the pre synaptic cleft
calcium
43
what neurotransmitters occur in all cells
glutamate and glycine
44
How are neurotransmitters made
within the neurone themselves made in rER and packaged in Golgi apparatus - then transported to presynaptic terminal by axoplasmic transport where they are stored in vesicles.
45
what is the extracellular anion
chloride
46
what ions are excitatory and which are inhibitory
excitatory = sodium and calcium inhibitory ie cause hyperpolarization = chloride and potassium
47
what drug antagonises sodium channels
lidocaine | favours inhibition
48
what is the name of receptors that are an integral component of the channel they control
ionotropic receptors involved in direct gating
49
what is the name of receptors whose channels they control are distinct from the recetpors
metabotropic receptors (G protein coupled receptors) involved in indirect gating
50
name monoamine neurotranmistters
5-HT histamine acetylcholine
51
Name catecholamines
noradrenaline dopamine adrenaline
52
name amino acids
glutamate GABA glycine
53
what shape of channels are glutamate receptors
tetramers
54
what shape of channels are gaba, glycine and ACh receptors
pentamers
55
what receptor doe benzodiazepines work on
GABAa - enhance chloride entry
56
what receptor does baclofen work on
agonist of GABAb - enhances K current - inhibition
57
what is an interneurone
a locally acting neurone, typically releases GABA and so brings about and IPSP and inhibition, function is local progressing of information
58
what is a projection neuron
a neuron responsible for conveying signal to other parts of the brain, typically releases glutamate so brings about epsp
59
what is a quanta
refers to the release of neurotransmitter from a single vesicle
60
how does a neuron discharge in the absensce of an inhibitory input
rhythmically - inhibitory inputs suppress some action portentials resulting in a irregular pattern of discharge

Neurology (36 decks)

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