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Neurology > Week 2 Neuro > Flashcards

Week 2 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

where are the cell bodies of nociceptors located

A

dorsal root ganglion

trigeminal ganglia

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2
Q

what is allodynia

A

innocuous stimuli now elicits pain

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3
Q

what fibres are first pain mediators

A

A delta

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4
Q

What fibres mediate second pain response

A

c fibres

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5
Q

what is the primary transmitter in pain transmission between nociceptors and second order neurones

A

glutamate

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6
Q

what things suppress glutamate transmission

A

interneurons releasing GABA or glycine suppress transmission as do opiates and cannabinoids

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7
Q

What tracts in the spinal cord are the nociceptive tracts

A

spinothalamic

spinoreticular

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8
Q

what is the spinothalamic tracts role in pain transmission

A

A delta pain from lamina I terminated in posterior nucleus of the thalamus
Neurones from lamina v terminate in the posterior and ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Pain perception requires simultaneous firing in both pathways

Mediated first pain and temp

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9
Q

What is the spinoreticular tracts role in pain

A

largely transmits c fibre pain

connects with periaqueductal grey matter and parabrachial nucleus

involved in autonomic response to pain, arousal and fear of pain

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10
Q

what is the difference between pain and nociceptin

A

nociception may occur in absence of pain

pain is awarenedd of suffering

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11
Q

what fibres prevent pain when nociceptors are activated

A

A beta

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12
Q

what is gate control theory

A

the theory that not all nociceptive signals reach the brain as ‘pain’

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13
Q

where does the gate control theory occur

A

substantia gelatinosa

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14
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

neurones that are specialised to respond to small changes in skin temperature

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15
Q

define dendrite

A

receive inputs from other neurones and convey graded electrical signals passively to soma

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16
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

site of initiation of the all or none action potential

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17
Q

define axons

A

conducts output signals as action potentials to other neurones

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18
Q

define synapse

A

point of chemical communication betweene neurones

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19
Q

where are unipolar neurones

A

peripheral autonomic neurones

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20
Q

where are pseudounipolar

A

dorsal root ganglion

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21
Q

where are bipolar neurons

A

retinal bipolar neurone

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22
Q

where are multipolar neurones

A

lower motor neurone

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23
Q

what is membrane resting potential

A

-70

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24
Q

what is threshold potential for AP

A

-60

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25
Q

what is overshoot

A

when the cell becomes positively polarised briefly during the AP

26
Q

What is undershoot

A

when the cell becomes more negative after the AP

27
Q

What ion channel mediates the upstroke and what mediated the down stroke

A

upstroke - sodium

down stroke potassium

28
Q

what is the predominante intracellular cation

A

potassium

29
Q

what is the predominant extracellular cation

A

sodium

30
Q

name the demyelinating disorder of the PNS

A

guillian barre

31
Q

what is the most common types of synapses

A

axodendritic

axosomatic

32
Q

what is the exhitory transmitter in the CNS

A

glutamate - causes depolarisation

33
Q

what is the inhibitory transmitter in the CNS

A

GABA or glycine - hyperpolarises the cells and prevents action potentiasl

34
Q

cation

A

positive

35
Q

anion

A

negative

36
Q

What is spatial summation

A

many inputs converge upon a neurone to determine its output

37
Q

What is temporal summation

A

a single input modulates the output by variation in action potential frequency of that input.

38
Q

where are amino acids and amines released from

A

synaptic vesicle

39
Q

where are peptide released from

A

secretory vesicles

40
Q

what ion channels mediate fast neurotransmission

A

ionotropic ligance gated ion channels

41
Q

what channels mediate slow neurotrnamission

A

g protein coupled receptors

42
Q

what ion induces the release of neurotransmitters in the pre synaptic cleft

A

calcium

43
Q

what neurotransmitters occur in all cells

A

glutamate and glycine

44
Q

How are neurotransmitters made

A

within the neurone themselves

made in rER and packaged in Golgi apparatus - then transported to presynaptic terminal by axoplasmic transport where they are stored in vesicles.

45
Q

what is the extracellular anion

A

chloride

46
Q

what ions are excitatory and which are inhibitory

A

excitatory = sodium and calcium

inhibitory ie cause hyperpolarization = chloride and potassium

47
Q

what drug antagonises sodium channels

A

lidocaine

favours inhibition

48
Q

what is the name of receptors that are an integral component of the channel they control

A

ionotropic receptors

involved in direct gating

49
Q

what is the name of receptors whose channels they control are distinct from the recetpors

A

metabotropic receptors (G protein coupled receptors)

involved in indirect gating

50
Q

name monoamine neurotranmistters

A

5-HT
histamine
acetylcholine

51
Q

Name catecholamines

A

noradrenaline
dopamine
adrenaline

52
Q

name amino acids

A

glutamate
GABA
glycine

53
Q

what shape of channels are glutamate receptors

A

tetramers

54
Q

what shape of channels are gaba, glycine and ACh receptors

A

pentamers

55
Q

what receptor doe benzodiazepines work on

A

GABAa - enhance chloride entry

56
Q

what receptor does baclofen work on

A

agonist of GABAb - enhances K current - inhibition

57
Q

what is an interneurone

A

a locally acting neurone, typically releases GABA and so brings about and IPSP and inhibition, function is local progressing of information

58
Q

what is a projection neuron

A

a neuron responsible for conveying signal to other parts of the brain, typically releases glutamate so brings about epsp

59
Q

what is a quanta

A

refers to the release of neurotransmitter from a single vesicle

60
Q

how does a neuron discharge in the absensce of an inhibitory input

A

rhythmically - inhibitory inputs suppress some action portentials resulting in a irregular pattern of discharge

Neurology (36 decks)

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