Neuropathology 2

Question 1

what produced myeline in the CNS

Answer 1

oligodendrocytes

Question 2

give a primary cause if demyelination

Answer 2

MS

Question 3

give secondary causes of demyelination

Answer 3

central pontine myelinosis
progressive multifocalleukoencephalopathy
sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis
axonal degeneration
metabolic
toxins- co, cyanide, solvents

Question 4

is MS more common in men or women

Answer 4

women 2:1

Question 5

what is the external appearance of the brain and spinal cord like in MS

Answer 5

usually normal

but on cut surface can see demyelination ‘plaques’

Question 6

does MS affect white or grey matter

Answer 6

white

Question 7

what types of plaques can there be in MS

Answer 7

acute active
chronic inactive
chronic active
shadow plaques

Question 8

what are the prominent features of an inactive plaque

Answer 8

astocytic proliferation and gliosis

centre of plaque contains little or no myelin

Question 9

what is an active plaque

Answer 9

there is evidence of ongoing demyelination with lts of immune cells present

Question 10

what is a shadow plaque

Answer 10

border between normal and affected white matter is not clearly defined

Question 11

What is the most common type of primary dementia

Answer 11

Alzheimers

Question 12

Which chromosomal abnormality has an increased incidence of alzheimers

Answer 12

Down’s syndrome

Question 13

Why is there an increases incidence of alzheimers in downs syndrome

Answer 13

amyloid precursor protein APP gene is found on chromosome 21

Question 14

what other genes are responsible for familial downs syndrome

Answer 14

presenilin 1 on chromosome 14 and presenilin 2 on chromosome 8
Apolipoprotein E4

Question 15

Which lobes of the brain are particularly affected in Alzheimers

Answer 15

frontal, temporal and parietal

Question 16

what type of protein is a major part of neurofibrillary tangles seen in alzheimers

Answer 16

tau

Question 17

what immune cells accumulate around amyloid

Answer 17

eosinophils

Question 18

what dye is used to look for amyloid

Answer 18

congo red - apple gree birefringence suggests amyloid fibrils

Question 19

what are the hallmarks of lewybody dementia

Answer 19

hallucinations
fluctuating levels of attention
fluctuating severity

Question 20

what pathological featues are seen in dementia with lewy bodies

Answer 20

degeneration of the substantia nigra - as seen in parkinsons
Lewy bodies
degeneration of cortical areas

Question 21

cortical lewy bodies can be detected by immunochemical staining for which protein

Answer 21

UBIQUITIN

Question 22

how is huntingtons inherited

Answer 22

autosomal dominant

Question 23

on which gene is the huntingtin gene

Answer 23

chromosome 4p

Question 24

where is the loss of neurons particularly seen in hungtingtons

Answer 24

caudate nucleus

Question 25

what are the histological hallmarks of picks disease

Answer 25

picks cells (swollen neurons) and Picks bodies (intracytoplasmic filamentous inclusions)

Question 26

what gender is mutliinfarct dementia more common in

Answer 26

men

Question 27

why are sufferers of muti infarct dementia prone to depression and anxiety

Answer 27

maintain insight of mental deficits for longer

Question 28

how does vascular dementia progress

Answer 28

step wise