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TEAs (science) > Neuromuscular System > Flashcards

Neuromuscular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Allows the body to sense and respond to environmental changes, both those that arise internally as well as those caused by external stimuli

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2
Q

The nervous system is divided into what parts (2)?

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems

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3
Q

What is the central nervous system comprised of what structures?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system consisted of?

A

Neurons (nerve cells) that send and receive signals throughout the body

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5
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Processes info in the brain

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6
Q

What is the brain?

A

Functions as the control center for the body

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7
Q

What is the largest part of the brain and what is its function?

A

Cerebrum
-responsible for thought and perception, visual and auditory processing

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8
Q

The brain is divided into two halves connected by what?

A

Corpus callosum; nerve fibers that allows communication between the right and left hemisphere of the brain

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9
Q

The cerebrum is divided into how many lobes? And what are those 4?

A

4; frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes

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10
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary movement and activity in addition to cognitive functions

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11
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobes?

A

Processes data related to movement, taste, temperature, and touch

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12
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Primarily responsible for vision

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13
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory information, comprehension, emotion, language, memory,, sensory input, and vision

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14
Q

What does brain stem connect?

A

Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Controls critical involuntary body functions

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16
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Muscle control and balance

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17
Q

What does the medulla regulate?

A

Breathing, swallowing, and the beating of the heart

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18
Q

Function of the spinal cord

A

Cylindrical column of nerves that runs through the center of the spine

Where nerves impulses are transmitted from the extremities of the body to the brain

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19
Q

What kind of fibers make up spinal nerves? (2)

A

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers

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20
Q

What kind of info does afferent (sensory) neurons convey to the brain?

A

Temperature, pain, pressure

21
Q

What kind of info the efferent (motor) neurons convey?

A

Response commands from the CNS transmitted back to the musculature

22
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

All the nerves that exist outside of the CNS

23
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into what 2 systems?

A

Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

24
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

Sends and receives signals form the skeletal muscle
(Under conscious control)

25
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Regulates body processes that do not require conscious control
-smooth and cardiac muscle activity and glandular secretions

26
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

27
Q

What does the sympathetic division control?

A

-flight or flight response to threats

28
Q

What does the parasympathetic division control?

A

Returns the body to its resting state

29
Q

What are the types of muscle in the muscular system? (3)

A

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

30
Q

What is the anatomy of the skeletal muscle?

A

Composed of multiple fascicles (bundles of cells surrounded by connective tissue)

Striated

31
Q

What are myofibrils

A

Basic unit of a muscle cell that extents the length of the muscle

32
Q

What are sarcomeres

A

Contractile unit of the muscle cell

33
Q

What are sarcomeres composed of?

A

Actin (thin filament protein)
Myosin (thick)

34
Q

What are smooth muscles responsible for?

A

Involuntary muscular contraction in the walls of hollow visceral organs (GI tract), and in blood vessels

35
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle

A

Lacks striations

Actin and myosin are both present, but not organized into bundles of sarcomeres
-arranged in a diagonal spiral (allows twisting rather than shortening upon contraction)

36
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Found only in the heart

Involuntary

Striated and contain myofibrils and t tubules

37
Q

What are the main parts of the neuron?

A

Soma (cell body)

Axon

Dendrites

38
Q

How are messages communicated between the brain and muscular system?

A

Through electrical signals called action potentials that travel along the axon

39
Q

What is polarization

A

Process of generating an action potential

40
Q

How is polarization triggered?

A

When a dendrite receives an impulse from a sensory receptor

41
Q

What is the unique characteristic of action potentials?

A

ALL OR NONE
-either one is triggered or one isn’t

42
Q

What is myelin?

A

Insulates axons

Helps increase the speed to the electrical impulse along the nerve cell

43
Q

What happens during demyelinating disorders? (examples)

A

Prevents impulses from being transmitted effectively and can result in uncoordinated muscle movement (ex. Multiple sclerosis)

44
Q

What is the space between the axon of one neuron and dendrites of another?

A

Synapse

45
Q

How do neurons communicate across the synapse?

A

Using neurotransmitters

46
Q

What is the space between the motor neuron and a muscle fiber called?

A

Neuromuscular junction

47
Q

What neurotransmitter triggers the release of Ca2+? What is the acting result?

A

Acetylcholine

Causes actin and myosin to interact

48
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A group of muscle fibers enervated by a single motor neuron

49
Q

What happens during atrophy of the muscles?

A

The myofibrils will shrink resulting in weaker muscle contractions
-due to not using the muscles regularly

TEAs (science) (11 decks)

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