Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Consists of multiple organs that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to control body processes and maintain homeostasis

Question 2

What are the 2 main classes of hormones?

Answer 2

Peptide and steroid hormones

Question 3

What are the characteristics of peptide hormones?

Answer 3

Water soluble and can bind to receptors on the surface of target cells
-induce a signaling cascade that leads to a rapid, but short lived response

Question 4

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones?

Answer 4

Fat soluble and can pass freely through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell
-induce changes in cellular gene expression (long lasting)

Question 5

What two response loops maintain homeostasis ?

Answer 5

Positive feedback loop: response to a deviation that leads to a larger response

negative feedback loop (most common): response to deviation that the end product leads to the production of less product

Question 6

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

(Master regulatory gland)
Link between nervous system and endocrine system by releasing hormones that control other endocrine glands in response to different stimuli

Question 7

Which two hormones are stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?(functions)

Answer 7

Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during labor

Vasopressin (ADH): induces water reabsorption in the kidney

Question 8

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone

Question 9

What are direct hormones?

Answer 9

Stimulate a response directly at a target organ
-PEG

Question 10

What are tropic hormones?

Answer 10

Induce hormone release by other glands
-(FLAT)

Question 11

What is the function of Follicle stimulating hormones?

Answer 11

In females: induces the maturation of ovarian follicle

In males: stimulates spermatogenesis

Question 12

WHat is the function of Lutenizing Hormone? (LH)

Answer 12

In females: induces ovulation

Males: stimulates testosterone production

Question 13

What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormones? (ACTH)

Answer 13

Stimulate the adrenal glands to release hormones

Question 14

What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone? (TSH)

Answer 14

Stimulates the thyroid gland to release hormones

Question 15

What is the function of prolactin?

Answer 15

Induces milk production at the mammary glands in females

Question 16

What is the function of endorphins?

Answer 16

Inhibits the perception of pain

Question 17

What is the function of growth hormones?

Answer 17

Induces growth of the body and increases metabolic rate

Question 18

Where is the pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete?

Answer 18

Location:center of the brain

Hormone: melatonin

Question 19

What is the function of melatonin?

Answer 19

Regulates sleep cycles
-governed by light-dark cycles

Question 20

The parathyroid gland releases what kind of hormone?

Answer 20

Parathyroid hormone

Question 21

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 21

Released in response to low blood calcium
-induces breakdown of bone to increase blood calcium levels

Question 22

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Answer 22

Absorbs iodine

Produces thyroid hormones (T3, T4) when stimulated by TSH

Releases calcitonin

Question 23

What is the function of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4?

Answer 23

Regulate metabolic rate

Question 24

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 24

Responds to high blood calcium levels and induces the storage of calcium in bone (reduces blood calcium)

Question 25

What causes hypothyroidism? Symptoms?

Answer 25

Insufficient thyroid hormone production -weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance

Question 26

What causes hyperthyroidism? Symptoms?

Answer 26

Overproduction of thyroid hormones -weight loss, hyperactivity, and heat tolerance

Question 27

The pancreas is responsible for regulating what in the blood? What hormones are secreted?

Answer 27

Blood glucose -insulin, glucagon

Question 28

What is the function of insulin?

Answer 28

Released in response to high blood glucose -induces the storage of glucose in glycogen and stimulates glucose uptake by the cells

Question 29

What is the function of glucagon?

Answer 29

Released in response to low blood glucose -induces the release of glucose from glycogen stores and gluconeogenesis

Question 30

What causes diabetes?

Answer 30

An insufficient secretion of insulin which leads to abnormally high blood glucose levels

Question 31

What are the 2 types of Diabetes?

Answer 31

Type 1: caused by damage to cells (beta) that produce insulin and must be treated with administration of exogenous insulin Type 2: caused by insulin resistance:body still produces insulin but the cells are unable to respond

Question 32

THe adrenal glands are composed of what two divisions?

Answer 32

Outer cortex Inner medulla

Question 33

The adrenal medulla secretes what hormone?

Answer 33

Epinephrine: induces flight or flight response

Question 34

The adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

Answer 34

Secretes hormones that regulate salt and sugar balance in the body including aldosterone (salt balance)

Question 35

What two hormones are produces in the ovaries? (Functions?)

Answer 35

Estrogen: leads to development of secondary female sex characteristics Progesterone:maintains uterine wall

Question 36

The testes produces what hormone? (Function)

Answer 36

Testosterone: induces male sexual differentiation in utero and the development of secondary male sex characteristics during puberty