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TEAs (science) > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the gastrointestinal system?

A

Converts food into nutrients the body can use

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2
Q

What processes convert food into nutrients?

A

Digestion and absorption

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3
Q

Explain the process of digestion

A

Is the chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller compounds that can be utilized by the body

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4
Q

Explain the how food is generally absorbed after digestion

A

The nutrients are moved from the intestines (where absorption occurs) into the bloodstream

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5
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The pathway in the body though which food travels while being digested and absorbed
-as well as the accessory organs that release secretions necessary for digestion to occur

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6
Q

Pathway of food from mouth to being expelled

A

Mouth > pharynx > esophagus > esophageal sphincter > stomach > pyloric sphincter > small intestine (duodenum, jejenum, ileum) > cecum > large intestine (ascending, transverse, depending) > rectum > anus

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7
Q

Is food mechanically or chemically digested in the mouth?

A

Both!
Mechanical=chewing
Chemical: salivary glands releasing digestive enzymes

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8
Q

What is a bolus?

A

The chewed up food within the mouth

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9
Q

Explain peristalsis

A

A wavelike contraction of smooth muscle that moves digested material along the digestive tract

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10
Q

What occurs in the stomach?

A

The hollow organ below the esophagus where mechanical and chemical digestion occur

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11
Q

What structure separates the esophagus and the stomach?

A

Esophageal sphincter

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12
Q

What structure separates the stomach and the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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13
Q

What is the typical pH of the stomach?

A

1-2

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14
Q

What causes the environment of the stomach to be so acidic?

A

The acidity is maintained by the gastric juices (HCl, enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of protein)

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15
Q

Once the bolus has been mechanically and chemically digested in the stomach, what does it become?

A

Chyme

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16
Q

Where does absorption start?

A

Small intestine

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17
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejenum, ileum

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18
Q

Which structures aid in absorption by releasing digestive secretions in the duodenum?

A

Liver and gallbladder

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19
Q

What does the liver and gallbladder release in the duodenum?

A

Bile

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20
Q

Where is Bile created and stored?

A

Created in the liver
Stored in the gallbladder

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21
Q

How does bile get secreted into the duodenum?

A

Though the common bile duct

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22
Q

What macromolecules are digested in the duodenum?

A

Carbohydrates, protein, fats

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23
Q

The small intestine is lined with what structure to aid in absorption?

A

Villi/microvilli

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24
Q

What are functions of villi/microvilli?

A

Finger like folds in the lining of the intestine that increase surface area to aid absorption

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25
Q

Which part of the small intestine does most of absorption occurs?

A

Jejenum (90%)

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26
Q

What is absorbed in the ileum?

A

Vitamin B12, bile salts, acids

27
Q

What is the structure that begins the large intestine?

A

Cecum

28
Q

The large intestine is also called?

A

Colon

29
Q

Where is the remaining waste stored for excretion?

A

Rectum

30
Q

What is the anal sphincter?

A

A ring shaped muscle that tightens to control the excretion of solid waste from the digestive tract

31
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A

Mechanical and chemical

32
Q

Explain the different ways food goes through mechanical digestion

A

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
-chewing, churning process of the stomach, muscular action of peristalsis, creating greater surface for chemical digestion to take place

33
Q

Explain chemical digestion

A

Involves enzymes or acids that break down food at the molecular level

34
Q

What organs/structures secrete digestive enzymes that take part of chemical digestion?

A

Liver, pancreas, salivary glands, specialized cells in the lining of the stomach and intestines

35
Q

What is a zygomen?

A

An inactive substance that is converted into an active enzyme in the presence of a third substance

36
Q

Origin and function of Saliva

A

Origin: salivary glands (mouth)

Function: lubricates mouth, contains salivary amylase that breaks down carbs and starch’s, contains salivary lipase which breaks down fats

37
Q

Origin and function of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

A

Origin: parietal cells (stomach)

Function:sterilizes harmful bacteria; causes protein to denature; converts pepsinogen into pepsin

38
Q

Origin and function of Pepsin (ogen)

A

Origin: Chief cells stomach)

Function: digests protein by breaking bonds of amino acids

39
Q

Origin and Function of gastric lipase

A

Origin: chief cells (stomach)

Function: digests lipids and fats in the stomach

40
Q

Origin and function of mucus

A

Origin: goblet cells (stomach)

Function:maintains mucosal lining of the stomach; protects the stomach walls from the digestive activity of HCl and other gastric enzymes

41
Q

Origin and function of Bile

A

Origin: liver

Function: helps neutralize the acidic chyme as it enters the small intestine; aids in fat digestion and absorption by emulsifying lipid particles

42
Q

Origin and function of pancreatic bicarbonate

A

Origin: pancreas

Function: neutralizes chyme as it enters the duodenum

43
Q

Origin and function of pancreatic lipase

A

Origin: pancreas

Function: digests lipids and fats in the small intestine

44
Q

Origin and function of trypsin (ogen) (Proteases)

A

Origin: pancreas, small intestine

Function:digests proteins in the small intestine

45
Q

Origin and function of brush border enzymes

A

Origin: microvilli (small intestine)

Function: includes lactase and other dissacharides that break down lactose and other simple sugars; nucleases that break down nucleic acids; peptidase that complete protein digestion and concert trypsinogen to trypsin

46
Q

What causes Gastrin to be released and where is it released from? (Target?)

A

Arrival of protein in the stomach

Released in the stomach

Target: parietal cells of the stomach

47
Q

What is the function of the hormone Gastrin?

A

Stimulates gastric acid and mucosal secretion

Increases motility

48
Q

When protein arrives to the stomach, what hormone is released for gastric acid secretion?

A

Gastrin

49
Q

What stimulates the release of Ghrelin and where is it released from? (Target?)

A

An empty stomach

Released from the stomach

Target: Hypothalamus

50
Q

What is the function of ghrelin?

A

Induces hunger

51
Q

When you are hungry (empty stomach), what hormone is released?

A

Ghrelin

52
Q

What stimulates the releases of leptin and where is it released from? (Target?)

A

Fat in the bloodstream

Released from adipose tissue

Target: hypothalamus

53
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Reduces hunger by signaling satiety

54
Q

What stimulates the releases of secretin and where is it released from? (Target)

A

Arrival of chyme in the duodenum

Released from the small intestine

Target: pancreas, stomach, liver

55
Q

What is the function of secretin?

A

Stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate

Inhibits gastric emptying

Inhibits bile secretion

56
Q

What stimulates the release of insulin and where is it released from?(target?)

A

Increase in blood glucose levels

Released from the pancreas

Target: liver, muscle, adipose tissue

57
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Stimulates uptake of glucose for conversion into glycogen

Decrease blood glucose levels

58
Q

What stimulates the release of glucagon and where is it released from? (Target?)

A

Low blood glucose levels

Released from the pancreas (alpha cells)

Target: liver

59
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Initiates the breakdown of glycogen

Increase blood glucose levels

60
Q

What stimulates the release of somatostatin and where is it released from? (Target)

A

Acid in the stomach

Released from the pancreas’

Target:secretory stomach cells

61
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

Inhibits gastric secretion and slows digestion

62
Q

What stimulates the release of cholecystokinin and where is it released from? (Target?)

A

Fats and amino acids

Released from: small intestine

Target: gallbladder, pancreas, stomach

63
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Stimulate gallbladder to release bile

Stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes

Inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion

TEAs (science) (11 decks)

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